Table 3.
Logistic regression analysis examining the associations between parental anthropometric, family sociodemographic and children’s dietary and physical activity indices (independent variables) and increased total and visceral fat mass levels (dependent variables) among 9–13-year-old children from four regions of Greece; Healthy Growth Study
| Dependent variable | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Increased total fat mass (third tertile†) | Increased visceral fat mass (third tertile†) | ||||
| Independent variable | n | % of total | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI |
| Child’s sex | ||||||
| Girl | 622 | 50·7 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Boy | 606 | 49·3 | 0·94 | 0·73, 1·21 | 0·82 | 0·63, 1·07 |
| Age category | ||||||
| 9–11 years | 484 | 39·4 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 11–13 years | 744 | 60·6 | 1·42 | 1·09, 1·86 | 1·30 | 0·99, 1·71 |
| Mother’s BMI‡ | ||||||
| Underweight/normal weight | 751 | 61·2 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Overweight | 343 | 27·9 | 1·46 | 1·08, 1·97 | 1·47 | 1·10, 1·97 |
| Obese | 134 | 10·9 | 3·03 | 2·05, 4·46 | 3·84 | 2·62, 5·62 |
| Father’s BMI | ||||||
| Underweight/normal weight | 286 | 23·4 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Overweight | 677 | 55·4 | 1·31 | 0·92, 1·85 | 1·22 | 0·88, 1·69 |
| Obese | 260 | 21·3 | 1·95 | 1·31, 2·91 | 1·81 | 1·24, 2·65 |
| Nationality | ||||||
| Non-Greek | 1107 | 90·1 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Greek | 121 | 9·9 | 1·10 | 0·71, 1·69 | 1·07 | 0·69, 1·68 |
| Family status | ||||||
| Two-parent family | 1101 | 90·5 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Single-parent family | 116 | 9·5 | 0·92 | 0·59, 1·43 | 1·21 | 0·78, 1·87 |
| Father’s age | ||||||
| <42 years | 421 | 34·4 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 42–46 years | 428 | 35·0 | 0·90 | 0·67, 1·22 | 0·86 | 0·63, 1·18 |
| >46 years | 374 | 30·6 | 0·68 | 0·50, 0·95 | 0·89 | 0·64, 1·23 |
| Mother’s age | ||||||
| <38 years | 449 | 36·6 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 38–42 years | 438 | 35·7 | 1·00 | 0·74, 1·35 | 1·12 | 0·82, 1·53 |
| >42 years | 341 | 27·8 | 0·94 | 0·68, 1·29 | 1·21 | 0·87, 1·68 |
| Family income (€/year) | ||||||
| <12 000 | 223 | 19·8 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 12 000–30 000 | 555 | 49·2 | 0·97 | 0·69, 1·37 | 0·87 | 0·61, 1·24 |
| >30 000 | 350 | 31·0 | 0·80 | 0·55, 1·16 | 0·73 | 0·49, 1·08 |
| Paternal education | ||||||
| <9 years | 322 | 26·2 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 9–12 years | 460 | 37·5 | 0·96 | 0·70, 1·32 | 0·87 | 0·63, 1·21 |
| 12–16 years | 305 | 24·8 | 0·65 | 0·45, 0·93 | 0·64 | 0·44, 0·93 |
| >16 years | 141 | 11·5 | 0·70 | 0·44, 1·11 | 0·54 | 0·32, 0·89 |
| Maternal education | ||||||
| <9 years | 260 | 21·2 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 9–12 years | 478 | 38·9 | 0·72 | 0·52, 1·00 | 0·74 | 0·53, 1·04 |
| 12–16 years | 386 | 31·4 | 0·55 | 0·39, 0·79 | 0·53 | 0·37, 0·77 |
| >16 years | 104 | 8·5 | 0·66 | 0·40, 1·11 | 0·44 | 0·29, 0·89 |
| Maternal employment status | ||||||
| Unemployed | 403 | 32·8 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Employed | 825 | 67·2 | 0·86 | 0·66, 1·13 | 0·93 | 0·70, 1·23 |
| Household size (m2/family member) | ||||||
| <20 | 425 | 36·2 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 20–25 | 299 | 25·5 | 0·89 | 0·64, 1·25 | 1·14 | 0·80, 1·61 |
| 25–30 | 228 | 19·4 | 1·20 | 0·84, 1·71 | 1·26 | 0·87, 1·83 |
| >30 | 222 | 18·9 | 1·05 | 0·73, 1·51 | 1·16 | 0·79, 1·70 |
| Family cars | ||||||
| 0 | 118 | 9·6 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 1 | 635 | 51·7 | 1·43 | 0·90, 2·29 | 1·62 | 0·99, 2·66 |
| 2 | 430 | 35·0 | 1·10 | 0·68, 1·80 | 1·03 | 0·61, 1·73 |
| ≥3 | 45 | 3·7 | 1·44 | 0·66, 3·13 | 1·59 | 0·71, 3·56 |
| Breakfast consumption | ||||||
| No | 346 | 28·3 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Yes | 876 | 71·7 | 0·56 | 0·42, 0·74 | 0·58 | 0·44, 0·76 |
| Television time | ||||||
| <2 h/d | 633 | 52·4 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| >2 h/d | 575 | 47·6 | 1·30 | 1·00, 1·70 | 1·35 | 1·05, 1·75 |
| Physical activity levels | ||||||
| <12 000 steps/d (girls), <13 000 step/d (boys) | 638 | 52·0 | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| ≥12 000 steps/d (girls), ≥13 000 steps/d (boys) | 590 | 48·0 | 0·45 | 0·34, 0·60 | 0·63 | 0·48, 0·81 |
Bold font indicates statistically significant OR (P<0·05).
OR and 95 % CI derived from univariate logistic regression models, i.e. with its model including one parental anthropometric, family sociodemographic or children’s dietary or physical activity variable as independent variable and highest total or visceral fat mass level as dependent variable.
As no specific and widely used cut-off points for total and visceral fat mass are available, the third tertiles of children with the highest levels with total and visceral fat mass were used as independent variables.
Based on recommendations by the Institute of Medicine( 13 ).