Table 4.
Multiple logistic regression models examining the associations between perinatal data, parental anthropometrics, family sociodemographic and children’s dietary and physical activity indices (independent variables) and increased total and visceral fat mass levels (dependent variables) among 9–13-year-old children from four regions of Greece; Healthy Growth Study
| Dependent variable | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1: total fat mass (third tertile†) | Model 2: visceral fat mass (third tertile†) | |||
| Independent variable | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI |
| Age category | ||||
| 9–11 years | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 11–13 years | 1·31 | 0·95, 1·78 | 1·18 | 0·86, 1·62 |
| Mother’s pre-pregnancy weight status | ||||
| Normal weight | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Underweight | 0·59 | 0·30, 1·19 | 0·62 | 0·30, 1·27 |
| Overweight | 1·31 | 0·83, 2·08 | 1·53 | 0·96, 2·44 |
| Obese | 1·39 | 0·58, 3·33 | 2·46 | 1·02, 5·90 |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | ||||
| No smoking | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Smoking at any one or two trimesters | 1·52 | 0·85, 2·71 | 0·81 | 0·43, 1·53 |
| All trimesters | 1·72 | 1·06, 2·80 | 1·93 | 1·19, 3·13 |
| Weight gain in the first 6 months | ||||
| Average (Z-score change=−1 to +1) | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Poor (Z-score change<−1) | 0·98 | 0·60, 1·59 | 1·01 | 0·61, 1·67 |
| Rapid (Z-score change >+1) | 1·42 | 1·03, 1·97 | 1·96 | 1·41, 2·72 |
| Timing of solid food initiation | ||||
| ≤4 months | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 5–6 months | 1·18 | 0·78, 1·79 | 1·43 | 0·92, 2·22 |
| >6 months | 1·41 | 0·82, 2·42 | 1·72 | 0·98, 3·03 |
| Father’s age | ||||
| <42 years | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 42–46 years | 0·83 | 0·58, 1·18 | 0·83 | 0·57, 1·20 |
| >46 years | 0·57 | 0·39, 0·83 | 0·81 | 0·55, 1·19 |
| Mother’s BMI‡ | ||||
| Normal weight | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Overweight | 1·31 | 0·91, 1·88 | 1·28 | 0·88, 1·86 |
| Obese | 3·03 | 1·76, 5·23 | 1·77 | 1·01, 3·10 |
| Father’s BMI | ||||
| Normal weight | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Overweight | 1·24 | 0·84, 1·83 | 1·32 | 0·88, 1·98 |
| Obese | 1·62 | 1·04, 2·54 | 1·78 | 1·12, 2·83 |
| Paternal education | ||||
| <9 years | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 9–12 years | 1·31 | 0·87, 1·96 | 1·08 | 0·72, 1·62 |
| 12–16 years | 1·19 | 0·73, 1·94 | 1·09 | 0·66, 1·78 |
| >16 years | 1·83 | 0·96, 3·49 | 1·24 | 0·63, 2·44 |
| Maternal education | ||||
| <9 years | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| 9–12 years | 0·62 | 0·41, 0·94 | 0·67 | 0·44, 1·03 |
| 12–16 years | 0·53 | 0·33, 0·86 | 0·58 | 0·36, 0·94 |
| >16 years | 0·58 | 0·29, 1·16 | 0·45 | 0·22, 0·95 |
| Television time | ||||
| <2 h/d | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| >2 h/d | 1·40 | 1·03, 1·90 | 1·34 | 0·98, 1·82 |
| Physical activity level | ||||
| <12 000 steps/d (girls), <13 000 steps/d (boys) | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| ≥12 000 steps/d (girls), ≥13 000 steps/d (boys) | 0·66 | 0·49, 0·89 | 0·47 | 0·34, 0·64 |
| Breakfast consumption | ||||
| No | 1·00 | 1·00 | ||
| Yes | 0·83 | 0·60, 1·14 | 0·81 | 0·59, 1·12 |
Bold font indicates statistically significant OR (P<0·05).
Adjustment was made for dietary energy intake.
Adjusted OR and 95 % CI were derived from multivariate logistic regression models, i.e. with its model including one perinatal, parental anthropometric, family sociodemographic or children’s dietary or physical activity variable as independent variable and highest total or visceral fat mass level as dependent variable.
As no specific and widely used cut-off points for total and visceral fat mass are available, the third tertiles of children with the highest levels with total and visceral fat mass were used as independent variables.
Based on recommendations by the Institute of Medicine( 13 ).