Table 2.
Characteristics of mother–child pairs by weight status two years after delivery (n 301), Joinville, Brazil, 2013–2014
| Weight status (BMI) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children ≤85th percentile, mothers BMI<25 kg/m2 (76·4 %) | Children >85th percentile, mothers BMI≥25 kg/m2 (23·6 %) | Total (100·0 %) | |||||
| Characteristic | n | % | n | % | n | % | P value |
| Children | |||||||
| Breast-feeding duration (months)* | 0·02 | ||||||
| ≥6 | 82 | 82·0 | 18 | 18·0 | 100 | 33·5 | |
| 4–<6 | 82 | 81·2 | 19 | 18·8 | 101 | 33·8 | |
| 2–<4 | 32 | 66·7 | 16 | 33·3 | 48 | 16·0 | |
| <2 | 32 | 64·0 | 18 | 36·0 | 50 | 16·7 | |
| Type of breast-feeding* | 0·11 | ||||||
| Exclusive | 84 | 81·6 | 19 | 18·4 | 103 | 34·4 | |
| Non exclusive | 144 | 73·5 | 52 | 26·5 | 196 | 65·6 | |
| Time since delivery (months) | 0·03 | ||||||
| <18 | 155 | 80·3 | 38 | 19·7 | 193 | 64·1 | |
| ≥18 | 75 | 69·4 | 33 | 30·6 | 108 | 35·9 | |
| Sex | 0·98 | ||||||
| Male | 117 | 76·5 | 36 | 23·5 | 153 | 50·8 | |
| Female | 113 | 76·4 | 35 | 23·6 | 148 | 49·2 | |
| Birth weight | <0·01 | ||||||
| SGA/AGA | 181 | 81·9 | 40 | 18·1 | 221 | 73·4 | |
| LGA | 49 | 61·2 | 31 | 38·8 | 80 | 26·6 | |
| Type of delivery | 0·23 | ||||||
| Normal | 160 | 78·4 | 44 | 21·6 | 204 | 67·8 | |
| Caesarean section | 70 | 72·2 | 27 | 27·8 | 97 | 33·2 | |
| Mothers | |||||||
| Age (years) | 0·96 | ||||||
| 20–30 | 143 | 76·9 | 43 | 23·1 | 186 | 61·8 | |
| <20 | 7 | 77·8 | 2 | 22·2 | 9 | 3·0 | |
| ≥30 | 80 | 75·5 | 26 | 24·5 | 106 | 35·2 | |
| Education (years) | 0·84 | ||||||
| ≥12 | 51 | 78·5 | 14 | 21·5 | 65 | 21·6 | |
| 9–12 | 108 | 75·0 | 36 | 25·0 | 144 | 47·8 | |
| <9 | 71 | 77·2 | 21 | 22·8 | 92 | 30·6 | |
| Marital status | 0·84 | ||||||
| Marriage/consensual union | 206 | 76·6 | 63 | 23·4 | 269 | 89·4 | |
| Others | 24 | 75·0 | 8 | 25·0 | 32 | 10·6 | |
| Monthly household income (MS)† | 0·53 | ||||||
| ≥5 | 41 | 75·9 | 13 | 24·1 | 54 | 18·1 | |
| 3–5 | 57 | 81·4 | 13 | 18·6 | 70 | 23·5 | |
| <3 | 130 | 74·7 | 44 | 25·3 | 174 | 58·4 | |
| Working/studying after delivery* | 0·78 | ||||||
| No | 89 | 75·4 | 29 | 24·6 | 118 | 39·5 | |
| Yes | 139 | 76·8 | 42 | 23·2 | 181 | 60·5 | |
| Smoking after pregnancy | 0·67 | ||||||
| No | 202 | 76·8 | 61 | 23·2 | 263 | 87·4 | |
| Yes | 28 | 73·7 | 10 | 26·3 | 38 | 12·6 | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | <0·01 | ||||||
| <25·0 | 164 | 87·7 | 23 | 12·3 | 187 | 62·2 | |
| 25·0–30·0 | 46 | 60·5 | 30 | 39·5 | 76 | 25·2 | |
| ≥30·0 | 20 | 52·6 | 18 | 47·4 | 38 | 12·6 | |
| Gestational weight gain | <0·01 | ||||||
| Adequate | 141 | 86·5 | 22 | 13·5 | 163 | 54·2 | |
| Excessive | 89 | 64·5 | 49 | 35·5 | 138 | 45·8 | |
| Pregnancies (n) | 0·25 | ||||||
| 2 | 84 | 81·6 | 19 | 18·4 | 103 | 34·2 | |
| 3 | 60 | 71·4 | 24 | 28·6 | 84 | 27·9 | |
| ≥4 | 86 | 75·4 | 28 | 24·6 | 114 | 37·9 | |
SGA, small for gestational age; AGA, adequate for gestational age; LGA, large for gestational age; MS, minimum salary ($US 306·00).
*n 299, two mothers did not know the breast-feeding duration, two mothers did not know the type of breast-feeding and two mothers did not know when they started working/studying after delivery.
†n 298, three mothers did not know the monthly household income.