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. 2017 Jun 19;20(14):2537–2548. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017001239

Table 3.

Determinants of excess body weight at two years postpartum among Brazilian mothers (n 301) and their children (n 305), Joinville, Brazil, 2013–2014

Children (n 305) Mothers (n 301) Mother–child pairs (n 71)
Model 1* Model 2† Model 3* Model 4† Model 5* Model 6†
Characteristic OR 95 % CI P value OR 95 % CI P value OR 95 % CI P value OR 95 % CI P value OR 95 % CI P value OR 95 % CI P value
Breast-feeding duration (months)
≥6 Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
4–<6 1·3 0·7, 2·3 0·40 1·4 0·7, 2·6 0·33 1·7 0·9, 2·9 0·07 2·1 0·9, 5·1 0·08 1·1 0·5, 2·2 0·88 0·9 0·4, 2·0 0·71
2–<4 2·0 1·0, 4·1 0·04 1·8 0·8, 3·7 0·15 2·1 1·0, 4·2 0·03 2·5 0·9, 7·2 0·08 2·3 1·0, 5·0 0·04 1·7 0·6, 4·3 0·30
<2 2·7 1·5, 7·0 <0·01 2·4 1·1, 5·1 0·02 1·5 0·8, 2·9 0·24 2·9 1·1, 8·1 0·04 2·6 1·2, 5·5 0·01 3·2 1·3, 8·2 0·01
Months since delivery
<18 Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
≥18 1·5 0·9, 2·5 0·07 1·7 1·0, 2·9 0·05 1·6 1·0, 2·6 0·04 1·8 0·9, 3·8 0·11 1·8 1·0, 3·0 0·03 1·8 0·9, 3·5 0·09
Sex
Male Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Female 0·9 0·6, 1·5 0·82 0·9 0·6, 1·5 0·79 0·9 0·6, 1·5 0·76 1·0 0·5, 1·9 0·88 1·0 0·6, 1·7 0·98 1·0 0·5, 1·8 0·88
Birth weight
SGA/AGA Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
LGA 2·4 1·4, 4·0 <0·01 2·7 1·5, 4·9 <0·01 1·6 1·0, 2·7 0·07 1·5 0·7, 3·3 0·33 2·9 1·6, 5·0 <0·01 3·3 1·6, 6·6 <0·01
Type of delivery
Normal Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Caesarean section 1·2 0·7, 1·9 0·53 1·1 0·6, 1·9 0·77 1·3 0·8, 2·1 0·25 1·0 0·5, 2·3 0·94 1·4 0·8, 2·4 0·23 1·1 0·5, 2·3 0·78
Mother’s age (years)
<30 Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
≥30 1·0 0·6, 1·6 0·95 1·1 0·6, 2·1 0·71 1·5 0·9, 2·5 0·08 0·7 0·3, 1·7 0·46 1·1 0·6, 1·9 0·77 0·8 0·4, 1·8 0·62
Mother’s education (years)
≥12 Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
9–12 1·4 0·8, 2·5 0·30 1·3 0·7, 2·5 0·46 0·9 0·5, 1·5 0·59 0·6 0·2, 1·5 0·26 1·2 0·6, 2·5 0·58 1·1 0·5, 2·7 0·79
<9 1·2 0·6, 2·3 0·56 1·2 0·6, 2·5 0·65 1·5 0·8, 2·8 0·22 1·5 0·5, 4·1 0·42 1·1 0·5, 2·3 0·84 1·0 0·4, 2·6 0·93
Marital status
Married/living together Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Other 1·1 0·5, 2·2 0·89 1·0 0·4, 2·5 0·92 0·6 0·3, 1·3 0·17 0·8 0·2, 2·7 0·73 1·1 0·5, 2·5 0·84 1·4 0·4, 4·6 0·59
Monthly household income (MS)
≥3 Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
<3 1·5 0·9, 2·4 0·08 1·8 1·0, 3·1 0·03 1·3 0·8, 2·1 0·23 1·0 0·5, 2·0 0·96 1·3 0·8, 2·3 0·33 1·3 0·6, 2·6 0·49
Smoking after pregnancy
No Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Yes 0·8 0·4, 1·6 0·46 0·9 0·4, 1·9 0·68 1·3 0·7, 2·7 0·39 0·9 0·3, 2·6 0·90 1·2 0·5, 2·6 0·67 1·4 0·5, 3·7 0·48
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)
<25·0 Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
≥25·0 1·2 0·7, 1·8 0·55 1·0 0·6, 1·7 0·86 30·4 15·0, 61·7 <0·01 30·9 13·6, 70·2 <0·01 5·2 2·9, 9·2 <0·01 5·7 2·8, 11·8 <0·01
GWG
Adequate Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
Excessive 1·6 1·0, 2·5 0·04 1·5 0·9, 2·5 0·14 4·4 2·7, 7·2 <0·01 3·4 1·7, 6·9 <0·01 3·5 2·0, 6·2 <0·01 2·2 1·1, 4·3 0·02
Pregnancies (n)
2 Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
3 1·1 0·6, 2·0 0·75 0·9 0·4, 1·4 0·78 2·6 1·4, 4·7 <0·01 1·2 0·5, 3·0 0·75 1·8 0·9, 3·5 0·10 1·1 0·4, 2·6 0·90
≥4 1·0 0·6, 1·7 0·96 0·7 0·3, 1·4 0·28 3·1 1·8, 5·5 <0·01 2·8 1·1, 7·2 0·03 1·4 0·7, 2·8 0·27 0·9 0·4, 2·4 0·86

SGA, small for gestational age; AGA, adequate for gestational age; LGA, large for gestational age; MS, minimum salary ($US 306·00).

*

Models 1, 3 and 5: unadjusted.

†

Models 2, 4 and 6: adjusted for all covariates listed in Table 3.