Table 3.
Adjusted* mean nutrient densities of the five temporal patterns of energy intake† among non-institutionalized, non-pregnant, community-dwelling adults (n 4508) aged ≥19 years, Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, 2005–2008
| T | TA | TAN | DM | DL | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | P‡ | |
| Protein (g/4184 kJ§) | 44·0E | 0·7 | 41·3 | 0·9 | 41·9 | 1·0 | 42·2 | 0·6 | 40·0A | 1·6 | <0·0001 |
| Fat (g/4184 kJ) | 35·3 | 0·8 | 33·5 | 0·6 | 33·8 | 0·9 | 34·5 | 0·7 | 33·2 | 0·8 | 0·0153 |
| Carbohydrate (g/4184 kJ) | 126·9B | 1·9 | 135·1A,D | 1·7 | 131·0 | 2·6 | 127·7B | 1·8 | 131·7 | 2·7 | 0·0008 |
| SFA fats (g/4184 kJ) | 11·0 | 0·3 | 11·0 | 0·2 | 11·2 | 0·4 | 11·0 | 0·3 | 11·0 | 0·3 | 0·9963 |
| MUFA (g/4184 kJ | 12·7 | 0·3 | 12·2 | 0·2 | 12·5 | 0·4 | 12·5 | 0·4 | 12·4 | 0·3 | 0·2647 |
| PUFA (g/4184 kJ) | 11·4C,E | 0·3 | 10·2 | 0·3 | 10·0A | 0·2 | 10·9E | 0·3 | 9·8A,D | 0·3 | 0·0001 |
| Dietary fibre (g/4184 kJ) | 9·4E | 0·2 | 10·1 | 0·8 | 8·8 | 0·3 | 8·2 | 0·2 | 7·5A | 0·5 | 0·0088 |
| Cholesterol (mg/4184 kJ) | 178·8 | 6·9 | 160·8 | 5·7 | 164·8 | 6·2 | 174·9 | 6·1 | 162·3 | 12·0 | 0·0397 |
| Ca (mg/4184 kJ) | 341·7C,D,E | 12·4 | 319·9E | 13·9 | 305·9A | 9·2 | 295·5A | 6·4 | 272·3A,B | 12·7 | 0·0001 |
| P (mg/4184 kJ) | 621·4D,E | 9·4 | 600·5 | 17·2 | 584·8 | 12·3 | 584·2A | 8·8 | 557·3A | 16·9 | <0·0001 |
| Mg (mg/4184 kJ) | 150·2 | 2·5 | 153·1D | 4·1 | 141·0 | 2·5 | 139·7B | 2·6 | 135·7 | 6·9 | 0·0009 |
| Na (mg/4184 kJ) | 2030·8 | 71·3 | 1839·4 | 67·5 | 1872·0 | 93·5 | 2014·9 | 66·7 | 1945·4 | 77·7 | 0·0583 |
| K (mg/4184 kJ) | 1518·5 | 34·0 | 1540·7 | 55·1 | 1420·9 | 35·9 | 1389·0 | 26·3 | 1357·0 | 57·1 | 0·0074 |
| Zn (mg/4184 kJ) | 5·4 | 0·1 | 5·3 | 0·2 | 5·1 | 0·1 | 5·4 | 0·2 | 5·1 | 0·3 | 0·1153 |
| Fe (mg/4184 kJ) | 8·6 | 0·2 | 8·0 | 0·3 | 8·1 | 0·2 | 8·4 | 0·2 | 8·1 | 0·5 | 0·3344 |
| Retinol equivalents (µg/4184 kJ) | 633·2 | 39·1 | 578·9 | 48·4 | 504·2 | 28·4 | 486·6 | 28·6 | 511·4 | 55·8 | 0·0126 |
| Thiamin (mg/4184 kJ) | 0·7 | 0·0 | 0·6 | 0·0 | 0·7 | 0·0 | 0·6 | 0·0 | 0·6 | 0·0 | 0·7055 |
| Riboflavin (mg/4184 kJ) | 0·8 | 0·0 | 0·7 | 0·0 | 0·7 | 0·0 | 0·7 | 0·0 | 0·7 | 0·1 | 0·1032 |
| Niacin (mg/4184 kJ) | 11·0 | 0·3 | 10·6 | 0·4 | 11·3 | 0·4 | 10·6 | 0·3 | 10·3 | 0·4 | 0·2108 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/4184 kJ) | 1·0 | 0·0 | 1·0 | 0·0 | 1·0 | 0·0 | 1·0 | 0·0 | 0·9 | 0·0 | 0·6892 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/4184 kJ) | 3·7 | 0·3 | 2·7 | 0·2 | 3·9 | 0·6 | 3·5 | 0·3 | 3·1 | 0·5 | 0·0218 |
| Vitamin C (mg/4184 kJ) | 100·0 | 6·4 | 139·9 | 26·7 | 94·7 | 3·7 | 83·4 | 3·2 | 90·1 | 7·4 | 0·0838 |
| Vitamin D (µg/4184 kJ) | 4·5C,E | 0·3 | 3·9 | 0·3 | 3·5A | 0·2 | 3·6 | 0·3 | 2·9A | 0·3 | <0·0001 |
| Tocopherol equivalents (mg/4184 kJ) | 4·6E | 0·2 | 4·3 | 0·1 | 4·2 | 0·1 | 4·3 | 0·1 | 3·9A | 0·1 | 0·0097 |
A,B,C,D,ESuperscript letters (A=pattern T; B=pattern TA; C=pattern TAN; D=pattern DM; E=pattern DL) indicate the temporal energy intake pattern groups that had a significantly different density of this nutrient compared with this temporal energy intake pattern. For example, the protein nutrient density of pattern T was 44·0 g/4184 kJ, and the E superscript indicates 44·0 g/4184 kJ was significantly different from the protein nutrient density of pattern DL. The α level for pairwise comparisons was set at 0·0033 to address the Bonferroni multiple comparisons.
Adjusted for sex, age, education level, employment status, chronic disease, geography, and weekday of dietary recall.
T, traditional meal pattern; TA, traditional meal pattern plus afternoon eating; TAN, traditional meal pattern plus afternoon and night eating; DM, delayed morning meal pattern; DL, delayed lunchtime pattern.
‡P value from ANOVA testing for between-group differences.
4184 kJ=1000 kcal.