Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristics | All patients (N = 461) | ID | IDA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID (n = 248) | No ID (n = 213) | P value | IDA (n = 161) | No IDA (n = 300) | P value | ||||
| Age, yr | 67.6 ± 14.9 | 68.0 ± 14.9 | 67.2 ± 15.0 | 0.445 | 71.5 ± 12.1 | 65.51 ± 15.9 | < 0.001 | ||
| Men | 285 (61.8) | 133 (53.6) | 152 (71.4) | < 0.001 | 87 (54.0) | 198 (66.0) | 0.012 | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (n = 291) | 24.7 ± 5.0 | 24.5 ± 4.8 | 25.0 ± 5.3 | 0.445 | 23.5 ± 3.8 | 25.26 ± 5.4 | 0.012 | ||
| De novo HF | 169 (36.7) | 100 (40.3) | 69 (32.4) | 0.096 | 55 (34.2) | 114 (38.0) | 0.475 | ||
| Ischemic etiology | 110 (23.8) | 65 (26.2) | 45 (21.1) | 0.243 | 46 (28.6) | 64 (21.3) | 0.105 | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||||||
| Hypertension | 245 (53.2) | 135 (54.4) | 110 (51.6) | 0.549 | 88 (54.7) | 157 (52.3) | 0.633 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 178 (38.6) | 107 (43.2) | 71 (33.3) | 0.031 | 78 (48.5) | 100 (33.3) | 0.002 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 277 (60.1) | 145 (58.5) | 132 (62.0) | 0.503 | 104 (66.2) | 173 (56.9) | 0.066 | ||
| Ischemic heart disease | 159 (34.5) | 90 (36.3) | 69 (32.4) | 0.380 | 64 (39.8) | 95 (31.7) | 0.082 | ||
| Valvular heart disease | 50 (10.9) | 35 (14.1) | 15 (7.0) | 0.015 | 27 (16.8) | 23 (7.7) | 0.003 | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 173 (37.6) | 90 (36.4) | 83 (39.0) | 0.577 | 59 (36.9) | 114 (38.0) | 0.813 | ||
| COPD | 53 (11.5) | 27 (10.9) | 26 (12.2) | 0.658 | 19 (11.8) | 34 (11.3) | 0.881 | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 38 (8.2) | 19 (7.7) | 19 (8.9) | 0.624 | 18 (11.2) | 20 (6.7) | 0.093 | ||
| Malignancy | 39 (8.5) | 24 (9.7) | 15 (7.0) | 0.311 | 16 (9.9) | 23 (7.7) | 0.404 | ||
| Current smoking | 82 (17.8) | 37 (14.9) | 45 (21.1) | 0.082 | 15 (9.3) | 67 (22.3) | < 0.001 | ||
| Physical exam (at admission) | |||||||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 121.2 ± 25.7 | 123.1 ± 27.5 | 119.1 ± 23.4 | 0.310 | 123.6 ± 27.6 | 119.9 ± 24.6 | 0.371 | ||
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 73.0 ± 17.8 | 74.0 ± 17.7 | 71.9 ± 18.0 | 0.214 | 70.8 ± 15.4 | 74.2 ± 18.9 | 0.089 | ||
| Heart rate, beats/min | 85.3 ± 22.2 | 87.2 ± 22.8 | 83.0 ± 21.3 | 0.046 | 83.6 ± 21.1 | 86.2 ± 22.7 | 0.265 | ||
| Laboratory test results | |||||||||
| Iron, µg/dL | 65.0 ± 39.3 | 52.0 ± 33.3 | 80.2 ± 40.4 | < 0.001 | 45.9 ± 33.2 | 75.3 ± 38.6 | < 0.001 | ||
| TIBC, µg/dL | 290.5 ± 82.7 | 316.7 ± 85.0 | 260.0 ± 68.6 | < 0.001 | 301.5 ± 68.0 | 284.6 ± 89.2 | 0.008 | ||
| Transferrin saturation, % | 23.6 ± 14.6 | 16.7 ± 9.4 | 31.6 ± 15.4 | < 0.001 | 15.5 ± 9.6 | 27.9 ± 15.0 | < 0.001 | ||
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 224.6 ± 453.8 | 80.5 ± 60.3 | 392.4 ± 624.5 | < 0.001 | 81.6 ± 63.2 | 301.4 ± 545.6 | < 0.001 | ||
| Hemoglobin, mg/dL | 12.1 ± 2.4 | 11.8 ± 2.3 | 12.5 ± 2.5 | 0.001 | 10.4 ± 1.3 | 13.0 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 | ||
| Anemia | 268 (58.1) | 161 (64.9) | 107 (50.2) | 0.001 | 161 (100.0) | 107 (35.7) | < 0.001 | ||
| WBC, 109/L | 7.47 ± 2.94 | 7.24 ± 2.85 | 7.73 ± 3.03 | 0.121 | 6.91 ± 2.79 | 7.77 ± 2.98 | 0.002 | ||
| Platelet, 109/L | 213.5 ± 82.3 | 218.5 ± 79.5 | 207.8 ± 85.2 | 0.152 | 216.6 ± 85.7 | 211.9 ± 80.4 | 0.911 | ||
| BUN, mg/dL | 28.8 ± 17.1 | 28.6 ± 16.5 | 29.1 ± 17.8 | 0.787 | 31.3 ± 18.3 | 27.5 ± 16.3 | 0.021 | ||
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.56 ± 1.32 | 1.49 ± 1.17 | 1.65 ± 1.47 | 0.432 | 1.66 ± 1.37 | 1.51 ± 1.29 | 0.062 | ||
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 62.6 ± 34.2 | 61.8 ± 33.2 | 63.5 ± 35.4 | 0.657 | 57.2 ± 34.4 | 65.5 ± 33.9 | 0.004 | ||
| BNP, pg/mL (n = 207) | 843 (476–2,060) | 843 (522–1,793) | 844 (367–3,013) | 0.837 | 852 (540–1,980) | 834 (439–2,263) | 0.205 | ||
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL (n = 269) | 4,430 (2,211–10,533) | 4,394 (2,320–11,437) | 4,448 (2,131–10,480) | 0.979 | 5,467 (2,283–12,890) | 4,249 (2,147–96,587) | 0.205 | ||
| NP above median (n = 459) | 230 (50.1) | 124 (50.4) | 106 (49.8) | 0.965 | 86 (55.1) | 144 (47.5) | 0.149 | ||
| Echocardiography (n = 346) | |||||||||
| LVEF, % | 35.4 ± 16.1 | 36.1 ± 16.5 | 34.4 ± 15.6 | 0.352 | 37.9 ± 16.6 | 33.9 ± 15.7 | 0.024 | ||
| Heart failure type | 0.362 | 0.225 | |||||||
| HF with reduced EF | 233 (67.3) | 122 (64.6) | 111 (70.7) | 77 (61.6) | 156 (70.6) | ||||
| HF with mildly reduced EF | 39 (11.3) | 25 (13.2) | 14 (8.9) | 16 (12.8) | 23 (10.4) | ||||
| HF with preserved EF | 74 (21.4) | 42 (22.2) | 32 (20.4) | 32 (25.6) | 42 (19.0) | ||||
| Medication at admission | |||||||||
| ARNI/ACEi/ARB (n = 382) | 278 (72.8) | 153 (73.2) | 125 (72.3) | 0.835 | 94 (67.6) | 184 (75.7) | 0.087 | ||
| Beta-blocker (n = 382) | 263 (68.9) | 140 (67.0) | 123 (71.1) | 0.388 | 91 (65.5) | 172 (70.8) | 0.281 | ||
| MRA (n = 382) | 208 (54.5) | 120 (57.4) | 88 (50.9) | 0.201 | 73 (52.5) | 135 (55.6) | 0.566 | ||
| Ivabradine (n = 382) | 30 (7.9) | 21 (10.1) | 9 (5.2) | 0.080 | 11 (7.9) | 19 (7.8) | 0.974 | ||
| Loop diuretics (n = 382) | 322 (84.3) | 185 (88.5) | 137 (79.2) | 0.013 | 123 (88.5) | 199 (81.9) | 0.088 | ||
| Warfarin | 52 (11.3) | 26 (10.5) | 26 (12.2) | 0.560 | 18 (11.2) | 34 (11.3) | 0.961 | ||
| NOAC | 159 (34.5) | 91 (36.7) | 68 (31.9) | 0.283 | 56 (34.8) | 103 (34.3) | 0.923 | ||
| Aspirin | 170 (36.9) | 93 (37.5) | 77 (36.2) | 0.765 | 71 (44.1) | 99 (33.0) | 0.019 | ||
| P2Y12 inhibitors | 132 (28.6) | 79 (31.9) | 53 (24.9) | 0.099 | 62 (38.5) | 70 (23.3) | < 0.001 | ||
| Clopidogrel | 123 (26.7) | 76 (30.7) | 47 (22.1) | 0.038 | 60 (37.3) | 63 (21.0) | < 0.001 | ||
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 25 (5.4) | 15 (6.1) | 10 (4.7) | 0.522 | 9 (5.6) | 16 (5.3) | 0.908 | ||
| Anemia and ID treatment | |||||||||
| Transfusion | 21 (4.6) | 10 (4.0) | 11 (5.2) | 0.561 | 8 (5.0) | 13 (4.3) | 0.755 | ||
| Iron supplement | |||||||||
| Oral | 61 (13.2) | 38 (15.3) | 23 (10.8) | 0.153 | 36 (22.4) | 25 (8.3) | < 0.001 | ||
| Intravenous | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | > 0.999 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0.349 | ||
| In-hospital death | 6 (1.3) | 3 (1.2) | 3 (1.4) | > 0.999 | 3 (1.9) | 3 (1.0) | 0.414 | ||
Values are expressed as number (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range).
ACEi = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARNI = angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker, BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide, BP = blood pressure, BUN = blood urea nitrogen, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, EF = ejection fraction, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, HF = heart failure, ID = iron deficiency, IDA = iron deficiency anemia, LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction, MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, NOAC = non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants, NP = natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, SGLT2 = sodium glucose cotransporter 2, TIBC = total iron binding capacity, WBC = white blood cell.