Table 4. Baseline characteristics according to anemia and iron deficiency.
| Characteristics | All patients | No anemia | Anemia | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No ID/No anemia | ID only | Anemia only | IDA | ||||
| Total | 461 (100) | 106 (23.0) | 87 (18.9) | 107 (23.2) | 161 (34.9) | ||
| Age, yr | 67.6 ± 14.9 | 63.3 ± 16.7 | 61.5 ± 17.3 | 70.9 ± 11.9 | 71.5 ± 12.1 | ||
| Men | 285 (61.8) | 82 (77.4) | 46 (52.9) | 70 (65.4) | 87 (54.0) | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.7 ± 5.0 | 25.8 ± 5.7 | 25.8 ± 5.6 | 23.9 ± 4.7 | 23.5 ± 3.8 | ||
| De novo HF | 169 (36.7) | 43 (40.1) | 45 (51.7) | 26 (24.3) | 55 (34.2) | ||
| Ischemic etiology | 110 (23.8) | 21 (19.8) | 15 (17.2) | 24 (22.4) | 50 (31.1) | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension | 245 (53.2) | 52 (49.1) | 47 (54.0) | 58 (54.2) | 88 (54.7) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 178 (38.6) | 30 (28.3) | 29 (33.3) | 41 (38.3) | 78 (48.5) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 277 (60.1) | 51 (48.1) | 39 (44.8) | 81 (75.7) | 106 (65.8) | ||
| Ischemic heart disease | 159 (34.5) | 25 (23.6) | 26 (29.9) | 44 (41.1) | 64 (39.8) | ||
| Valvular heart disease | 50 (10.9) | 3 (2.8) | 8 (9.2) | 12 (11.2) | 27 (16.8) | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 173 (37.6) | 47 (44.3) | 31 (35.6) | 36 (33.6) | 59 (36.8) | ||
| COPD | 53 (11.5) | 13 (12.3) | 8 (9.2) | 13 (12.2) | 19 (11.8) | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 38 (8.2) | 7 (6.6) | 1 (1.2) | 12 (11.2) | 18 (11.2) | ||
| Malignancy | 39 (8.5) | 5 (4.7) | 8 (9.2) | 10 (9.4) | 16 (9.9) | ||
| Current smoking | 82 (17.8) | 26 (24.5) | 22 (25.3) | 19 (17.8) | 15 (9.3) | ||
| Physical exam (at admission) | |||||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 121.2 ± 25.7 | 118.0 ± 22.2 | 122.1 ± 27.4 | 120.1 ± 24.6 | 123.6 ± 27.6 | ||
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 73.0 ± 17.8 | 73.8 ± 18.9 | 79.9 ± 20.0 | 70.0 ± 16.8 | 70.8 ± 15.4 | ||
| Heart rate, beats/min | 85.3 ± 22.2 | 84.9 ± 22.9 | 93.9 ± 24.5 | 81.2 ± 19.5 | 83.6 ± 21.1 | ||
| Laboratory test results | |||||||
| Iron, µg/dL | 65.0 ± 39.3 | 86.0 ± 37.5 | 63.1 ± 30.8 | 74.5 ± 42.4 | 45.9 ± 33.2 | ||
| TIBC, µg/dL | 290.5 ± 82.7 | 290.9 ± 60.2 | 344.7 ± 104.5 | 229.4 ± 62.6 | 301.5 ± 68.0 | ||
| Transferrin saturation, % | 23.6 ± 14.6 | 29.9 ± 12.2 | 18.9 ± 8.7 | 33.2 ± 18.0 | 15.5 ± 9.6 | ||
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 224.6 ± 453.8 | 295.1 ± 252.6 | 78.6 ± 54.8 | 488.7 ± 835.4 | 81.6 ± 63.2 | ||
| Hemoglobin, mg/dL | 12.1 ± 2.4 | 14.5 ± 1.4 | 14.2 ± 1.4 | 10.5 ± 1.6 | 10.4 ± 1.3 | ||
| Anemia | 268 (58.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 107 (100.0) | 161 (100.0) | ||
| WBC, 109/L | 7.47 ± 2.94 | 7.83 ± 2.44 | 7.86 ± 2.87 | 7.63 ± 3.53 | 6.91 ± 2.79 | ||
| Platelet, 109/L | 213.5 ± 82.3 | 210.2 ± 68.5 | 222.1 ± 66.2 | 205.5 ± 99.1 | 216.6 ± 85.7 | ||
| BUN, mg/dL | 28.8 ± 17.1 | 23.1 ± 11.5 | 23.6 ± 10.7 | 34.8 ± 20.8 | 31.3 ± 18.3 | ||
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.56 ± 1.32 | 1.16 ± 0.46 | 1.16 ± 0.53 | 2.13 ± 1.91 | 1.66 ± 1.37 | ||
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 62.6 ± 34.2 | 74.6 ± 29.6 | 70.5 ± 29.3 | 52.6 ± 37.4 | 57.2 ± 34.4 | ||
| BNP, pg/mL (n = 207) | 843 (476–2,060) | 392 (219–1,259) | 828 (500–1,346) | 2,015 (753–3,601) | 851 (534–1,978) | ||
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL (n = 269) | 4,430 (2,211–10,533) | 3,056 (1,518–5,872) | 3,483 (2,194–7,750) | 7,561 (3,788–20,498) | 5,467 (2,320–13,162) | ||
| NP above median (n = 459) | 230 (50.1) | 34 (32.1) | 36 (41.9) | 72 (67.3) | 88 (55.0) | ||
| Echocardiography (n = 346) | |||||||
| LVEF, % | 35.4 ± 16.1 | 30.3 ± 13.1 | 32.6 ± 15.9 | 38.1 ± 16.8 | 37.9 ± 16.6 | ||
| Heart failure type | |||||||
| HF with reduced EF | 233 (67.3) | 60 (81.1) | 45 (70.3) | 51 (61.5) | 77 (61.6) | ||
| HF with mildly reduced EF | 39 (11.3) | 6 (8.1) | 9 (14.1) | 8 (9.6) | 16 (12.8) | ||
| HF with preserved EF | 74 (21.4) | 8 (10.8) | 10 (15.6) | 24 (28.9) | 32 (25.6) | ||
| Medication at admission | |||||||
| ARNI/ACEi/ARB (n = 382) | 278 (72.8) | 65 (78.3) | 59 (84.3) | 60 (66.7) | 94 (67.6) | ||
| Beta-blocker (n = 382) | 263 (68.9) | 66 (79.5) | 49 (70.0) | 57 (63.3) | 91 (65.5) | ||
| MRA (n = 382) | 208 (54.5) | 55 (66.3) | 47 (67.1) | 33 (36.7) | 73 (52.5) | ||
| Ivabradine (n = 382) | 30 (7.9) | 3 (3.6) | 10 (14.3) | 6 (6.7) | 11 (7.9) | ||
| Loop diuretics (n = 382) | 322 (84.3) | 74 (89.2) | 62 (88.6) | 63 (70.0) | 123 (88.5) | ||
| Warfarin | 52 (11.3) | 12 (11.3) | 8 (9.2) | 14 (13.1) | 18 (11.2) | ||
| NOAC | 159 (34.5) | 40 (37.7) | 35 (40.2) | 28 (26.2) | 56 (34.8) | ||
| Aspirin | 170 (36.9) | 33 (31.1) | 22 (25.3) | 44 (41.1) | 71 (44.1) | ||
| P2Y12 inhibitors | 132 (28.6) | 24 (22.6) | 17 (19.5) | 29 (27.1) | 62 (38.5) | ||
| Clopidogrel | 123 (26.7) | 21 (19.8) | 16 (18.4) | 26 (24.3) | 60 (37.3) | ||
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 25 (5.4) | 9 (8.5) | 6 (6.9) | 1 (0.9) | 9 (5.6) | ||
| Anemia and ID treatment | |||||||
| Transfusion | 21 (4.6) | 3 (2.8) | 2 (2.3) | 8 (7.5) | 8 (5.0) | ||
| Iron supplement | |||||||
| Oral iron | 61 (13.2) | 6 (5.7) | 2 (2.3) | 17 (15.9) | 36 (22.4) | ||
| Intravenous | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| In-hospital death | 6 (1.3) | 2 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (1.9) | ||
Values are expressed as number (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range).
ACEi = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARNI = angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker, BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide, BP = blood pressure, BUN = blood urea nitrogen, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, EF = ejection fraction, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, HF = heart failure, ID = iron deficiency, IDA = iron deficiency anemia, LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction, MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, NOAC = non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants, NP = natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, SGLT2 = sodium glucose cotransporter 2, TIBC = total iron binding capacity, WBC = white blood cell.