TABLE 1.

RP‐HPLC amino acid profiles of LP, LPH, LPHC, LPHUS, and LPHUSC.

Amino acid composition (%w/w)	LP	LPH	LPHC	LPHUS	LPHUSC
Aspartic acid (Asp)	12.02	13.01	11.92	11.61	11.33
Serine (Ser)	5.35	4.59	5.49	5.23	4.98
Glutamic acid (Glu)	15.76	17.07	17.52	15.45	15.03
Glycine (Gly)	4.43	4.26	3.94	4.42	4.13
Histidine (His)	2.02	1.81	2.17	2.35	2.19
Arginine (Arg)	6.59	7.67	7.43	6.65	6.72
Threonine (Thr)	3.88	4.41	3.76	3.19	2.82
Proline (Pro)	4.73	5.40	5.81	6.28	5.54
Alanine (Ala)	4.21	4.52	4.74	5.10	4.89
Cystine (Cys)	1.51	1.30	1.44	1.31	1.61
Tyrosine (Tyr)	3.26	2.64	2.91	3.25	3.69
Valine (Val)	4.88	4.38	4.58	4.81	4.27
Methionine (Met)	1.73	1.47	1.91	1.80	1.73
Lysine (Lys)	8.56	7.73	8.32	8.65	8.19
Isoleucine (Ile)	3.86	3.45	3.60	3.11	2.87
Leucine (Leu)	8.98	9.35	9.17	9.76	9.70
Phenylalanine (Phe)	4.53	4.13	3.60	3.20	2.53
Amino acid residue yield (%)	96.29	97.19	98.29	96.17	92.21
Total essential amino acids	38.44	36.73	37.11	36.87	34.3
Total nonessential amino acids	57.86	60.46	61.2	59.3	57.92
Hydrophobic amino acids	38.86	38.26	38.79	39.79	37.27
Hydrophilic amino acids	14	12.94	13.6	12.98	13.1
Positively charged amino acids	17.17	17.21	17.92	17.65	17.1
Negatively charged amino acids	27.78	30.08	29.44	27.06	26.36
Sulfur‐containing amino acids	3.24	2.77	3.35	3.11	3.34
Umami amino acids	38.74	41.81	42.16	40.79	38.98

Note: Essential amino acids include His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, and Val. Nonessential amino acids include Asp, Ser, Glu, Gly, Arg, Pro, Ala, Cys, and Tyr. Hydrophobic amino acids include Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, Phe, Pro, Met, Cys, and Gly. Hydrophilic amino acids include Ser, Thr, Cys, and Tyr. Positively charged amino acids include Arg, His, and Lys. Negatively charged amino acids include Asp and Glu. Sulfur‐containing amino acids include Met and Cys. Umami amino acids include Asp, Glu, His, Pro, and Ala.