Table 2.
Charting table of included publications.
| Publication details | Main themes | ||||||||
| First author, year, reference | Setting in health care | Type of publication and study typea | SCb or AIc-based technologyd | Finding prediagnosis: comparison SCs and HCPse | Patient-technology-relationship | (Impacts on) physician-patient relationship | Impact on HCPs’ tasks | (Future) role of SCs in health care | |
| Blease et al [34] (2019) | Primary care | Research: qualitative approach | AI technology | ✓ | N/Af | N/A | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Chambers et al [15] (2019) | Setting not specified | Literature review | SC and triage services | ✓ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Denecke et al [35] (2019) | Setting not specified | Nonresearch: commentary | Chatbots or intelligent conversational agents | N/A | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | N/A | |
| Gottliebsen and Petersson [40] (2020) | Primary care | Literature review | Digital tools with triage service | ✓ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Jutel et al [38] (2015) | Setting not specified | Research: qualitative approach | Medical diagnosis smartphone apps | ✓ | N/A | ✓ | N/A | N/A | |
| Kuhn et al [45] (2018) | Setting not specified | Nonresearch: commentary | Chatbots | N/A | ✓ | N/A | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Kujala et al [41] (2020) | Primary care | Research: mixed methods approach | Web-based SC | N/A | N/A | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Lupton et al [39] (2015) | Setting not specified | Research: qualitative approach | Self-diagnosis smartphone apps or SC | ✓ | N/A | ✓ | N/A | N/A | |
| Merz et al [44] (2018) | Setting not specified | Nonresearch: commentary | (Self-)diagnosis apps | ✓ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Miles et al [42] (2020) | Primary care | Research: quantitative approach | Chatbots (for diagnosis and triage) | N/A | ✓ | ✓ | N/A | N/A | |
| Müschenich et al [46] (2018) | Setting not specified | Nonresearch: commentary | Chatbots | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | N/A | N/A | |
| Palanica et al [14] (2019) | Primary care | Research: quantitative approach | Health care chatbots | ✓ | N/A | N/A | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Semigran et al [37] (2015) | Setting not specified | Research: quantitative approach | SC | ✓ | N/A | N/A | N/A | ✓ | |
| Summerton and Cansdale [36] (2019) | Primary care | Nonresearch: commentary | AI-based diagnosis | ✓ | N/A | N/A | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Wattanapisit et al [43] (2020) | Primary care | Literature review | Mobile health apps for self-diagnosis | ✓ | N/A | N/A | N/A | ✓ | |
aIf applicable.
bSC: symptom checker.
cAI: artificial intelligence.
dTools or technology concerning research questions and eligibility criteria.
eHCP: health care professional.
fN/A: not applicable.