Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the included participants in the model applicative set
| Characteristics | Participants in module-I | Participants in module-II | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NW | OE | P-value | OB | UE | P-value | |
| No. of subjects | 7614 | 2631 | – | 4921 | 4175 | – |
| Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2 | ||||||
| Actual BMI | 23.5 ± 2.3 | 22.4 ± 2.2 | < 0.001 | 30.9 ± 2.9 | 36.6 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
| Metabolomic-estimated | 23.7 ± 1.0 | 28.8 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 | 31.2 ± 1.0 | 28.6 ± 2.5 | < 0.001 |
| Waist hip ratio | 0.79 ± 0.06 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | < 0.001 | 0.94 ± 0.07 | 0.90 ± 0.09 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130.1 ± 18.5 | 134.9 ± 18.7 | < 0.001 | 143.3 ± 17.5 | 140.6 ± 17.6 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.64 (4.99–6.31) | 5.53 (4.72–6.38) | < 0.001 | 5.50 (4.67–6.41) | 5.58 (4.84–6.31) | 0.038 |
| High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), % | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 0.7 | 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.74 (0.66–0.84) | 0.78 (0.67–0.90) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.73–0.96) | 0.78 (0.68–0.89) | < 0.001 |
| Presence of hypertension, % | 4,054 (53.2%) | 1,702 (64.7%) | < 0.001 | 4,306 (87.5%) | 3,537 (84.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Presence of diabetes mellitus, % | 74 (1.0%) | 152 (5.8%) | < 0.001 | 817 (16.6%) | 472 (11.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Healthy diet score | 4.3 ± 1.3 | 3.6 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 | 3.4 ± 1.4 | 3.8 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or No. (%). OE: metabolite-defined BMI over than actual BMI; NW: normal weight of metabolic BMI; OB: obesity of metabolic BMI; UE: metabolite-defined BMI under than actual BMI; BMI: body mass index. P-value was estimated based on chi-squared or independent t-test, where appropriate