Table 2.
Associations of metabolome phenotypes with risks of cardiovascular and ocular disease outcomes in the applicative set
| Model 1* | Model 2† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | |
| Module-I (OE vs. NW) | ||||
| All-cause mortality | 2.20 (1.81, 2.68) | < 0.001 | 1.68 (1.16, 2.43) | 0.006 |
| CVD-cause mortality | 2.41 (2.16, 5.39) | < 0.001 | 3.55 (1.46, 8.64) | 0.005 |
| Stroke | 1.48 (0.95, 2.30) | 0.085 | 1.06 (0.48, 2.33) | 0.889 |
| Heart failure | 2.47 (1.66, 3.68) | < 0.001 | 2.20 (1.04, 4.65) | 0.040 |
| Myocardial infarction | 3.47 (2.32, 5.19) | < 0.001 | 2.47 (1.18, 5.17) | 0.017 |
| Coronary heart disease | 2.32 (1.90, 2.83) | < 0.001 | 1.72 (1.20, 2.46) | 0.003 |
| AMD | 1.68 (1.11, 2.53) | 0.013 | 1.96 (1.02, 3.77) | 0.044 |
| Cataract | 1.19 (1.00, 1.40) | 0.045 | 1.11 (0.82, 1.50) | 0.485 |
| Glaucoma | 1.20 (0.87, 1.66) | 0.278 | 0.95 (0.55, 1.65) | 0.865 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 1.55 (1.03, 2.35) | 0.037 | 1.36 (0.67, 2.77) | 0.399 |
| Module-II (UE vs. OB) | ||||
| All-cause mortality | 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) | 0.284 | 0.84 (0.62, 1.14) | 0.258 |
| CVD-cause mortality | 1.13 (0.84, 1.53) | 0.423 | 1.09 (0.62, 1.91) | 0.771 |
| Stroke | 1.46 (1.02, 2.11) | 0.004 | 1.40 (0.70, 2.82) | 0.344 |
| Heart failure | 1.57 (1.26, 1.94) | < 0.001 | 1.21 (0.81, 1.80) | 0.345 |
| Myocardial infarction | 0.84 (0.66, 1.07) | 0.149 | 0.75 (0.49, 1.16) | 0.200 |
| Coronary heart disease | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) | 0.169 | 0.96 (0.75, 1.23) | 0.739 |
| AMD | 1.02 (0.69, 1.49) | 0.938 | 0.68 (0.32, 1.41) | 0.297 |
| Cataract | 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) | 0.009 | 0.84 (0.63, 1.11) | 0.220 |
| Glaucoma | 0.97 (0.70, 1.35) | 0.875 | 1.46 (0.79, 2.70) | 0.224 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 1.06 (0.78, 1.44) | 0.721 | 1.08 (0.60, 1.95) | 0.793 |
BMI: body mass index; OE: metabolome-defined BMI over than actual BMI; NW: normal weight of metabolic BMI; UE: metabolome-defined BMI under than actual BMI; OB: obesity of metabolic BMI; CVD: cardiovascular diseases; AMD: age-related macular degeneration; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval
*Model 1: adjusted for age (continuous), sex (female and male), ethnicity (white/others), and Townsend deprivation index (continuous)
†Model 2: further adjusted for educational attainment (above or below college/university degree), actual body mass index (continuous), systolic blood pressure (continuous); smoking and alcohol drinking status (never/previous/present), physical activity (continuous), total cholesterol (continuous), high-density lipoprotein (continuous), hemoglobin A1c (continuous), serum creatinine (continuous), antihypertensive medications (yes/no), statin medications (yes/no), and healthy diet score (continuous)