Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Country | Design | Intervention | N | Male/female | Age (years) | ASA | Fracture type | Surgery type | Anesthetic techniques |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li 2022 | China | RCT | RA | 471 | 128/343 | 77.00 (72.00–82.00) | I–IV | 1,2,3,4 | Fixation | SA, EA, combined S-EA |
| GA | 471 | 119/352 | 77.00 (71.00–82.00) | GA | ||||||
| Neuman 2021 | America & Canada | RCT | RA | 795 | 258/537 | 77.70 ± 10.70 | I–IV | 1,2,3,4 | Fixation, THA, HA | SA with sedation |
| GA | 805 | 270/535 | 78.4 ± 10.6 | GA | ||||||
| Tang 2021 | China | RCT | RA | 55 | 16/39 | 78.00 ± 6.45 | II–IV | NA | Fixation, THA, HA | SA |
| GA | 55 | 20/35 | 76.60 ± 6.98 | GA | ||||||
| Tzimas 2018 | Greece | RCT | RA | 37 | NA | 77.11 ± 6.5 | I–III | NA | NA | SA |
| GA | 33 | 75.09 ± 6.08 | GA | |||||||
| Meuret 2018 | France | RCT | RA | 19 | 2/17 | 83.00 ± 6.00 | I–III | NA | Fixation, THA, | SA |
| GA | 21 | 6/15 | 85.00 ± 5.00 | GA | ||||||
| Haghighi 2017 | Iran | RCT | RA | 50 | 42/8 | 66.22 ± 5.17 | I–III | NA | NA | SA |
| GA | 50 | 38/12 | 65.98 ± 4.76 | GA | ||||||
| Neuman 2016 | America | Pilot RCT | RA | 6 | 4/2 | 80.50 (62.00–92.00) | NA | 1,3,4 | NA | SA with sedation |
| GA | 6 | 5/1 | 62.50 (57.00–88.00) | GA | ||||||
| Parker 2015 | Britain | RCT | RA | 158 | 30/128 | 82.90 (52.00–105.00) | I–IV | 1,2,3,4 | Fixation, THA, | SA |
| GA | 164 | 57/107 | 83.00 (59.00–99.00) | GA | ||||||
| Messina 2013 | Italia | RCT | RA | 10 | 3/7 | 81.80 ± 6.30 | III, IV | NA | NA | SA |
| GA | 10 | 4/6 | 83.90 ± 9.40 | GA | ||||||
| Biboulet 2012 | France | RCT | RA | 15 | 4/11 | 87.00 ± 7.00 | III, IV | NA | Fixation, HA | SA |
| GA | 28 | 8/20 | 85.50 ± 5.90 | GA | ||||||
| Heidari 2011 | Iran | RCT | RA | 190 | 109/53 | NA | NA | 1,3,4 | NA | SA, EA |
| GA | 197 | 148/49 | GA | |||||||
| Hoppenstein 2005 | Israel | RCT | RA | 30 | NA | 81.50 ± 8.00 | I–III | 1 | NA | SA |
| GA | 30 | 83.50 ± 8.00 | GA | |||||||
| Casati 2003 | Italy | RCT | RA | 15 | 1/14 | 84.00 (71.00–94.00) | II, III | NA | NA | SA |
| GA | 15 | 1/14 | 84.00 (67.00–88.00) | GA |
Statistics are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) as appropriate
RCT Randomized controlled trial, N Number of patients, GA General anesthesia, RA Regional anesthesia, SA Spinal anesthesia, EA Epidural anesthesia, combined S-EA Combined spinal epidural anesthesia, NA Not available, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I to IV (I [healthy], II [mild systemic disease], III [severe systemic disease], IV [severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life]), THA Total hip arthroplasty, HA Hemiarthroplasty
1 = femoral neck, 2 = femoral head, 3 = intertrochanteric, 4 = subtrochanteric fracture