Table 1.
Patient and infection characteristics
| Demographics and background | HD group (n = 152) | LD group (n = 159) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, Q2 (Q1, Q3) | 58 (48, 66) | 58 (50, 68) | 0.360 |
| Gender | |||
| Male, % | 121 (79.6) | 109 (68.6) | 0.026 |
| Female, % | 31 (20.4) | 50 (31.4) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, Q2 (Q1, Q3) | 23.6 (21.6, 25.4) | 22.9 (20.9, 24.5) | 0.010 |
| Weight, kg, Q2 (Q1, Q3) | 70.0 (60.0, 75.0) | 65.0 (57.0, 71.0) | 0.006 |
| Comorbidity, % | |||
| Chronic heart disease | 68 (44.7) | 69 (43.4) | 0.812 |
| Chronic lung disease | 14 (9.2) | 15 (9.4) | 0.946 |
| Central nervous system diseases | 67 (44.1) | 55 (34.6) | 0.087 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 7 (4.6) | 5 (3.1) | 0.504 |
| Chronic liver disease | 9 (5.9) | 4 (2.5) | 0.134 |
| Diabetes | 31 (20.4) | 36 (22.6) | 0.630 |
| Solid malignancy | 6 (3.9) | 10 (6.3) | 0.350 |
| Hematological malignancy | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.3) | 0.499 |
| Immune suppressive therapy | 15 (9.9) | 8 (5.0) | 0.103 |
| Other | 9 (5.9) | 7 (4.4) | 0.545 |
| Recent trauma or surgery | 54 (35.5) | 59 (37.1) | 0.772 |
| Infection site, % | |||
| Pulmonary infection | 122 (80.3) | 122 (76.7) | 0.449 |
| Bloodstream infection | 31 (20.4) | 37 (23.3) | 0.540 |
| Abdominal infection | 13 (8.6) | 14 (8.8) | 0.937 |
| Intracranial infection | 6 (3.9) | 12 (7.5) | 0.174 |
| Skin and soft tissue infection | 4 (2.6) | 9 (5.7) | 0.182 |
| Other | 9 (5.9) | 6 (3.8) | 0.377 |
| Single-site infection | 123 (80.9) | 119 (74.8) | 0.197 |
| Two-site infection | 21 (13.8) | 34 (21.4) | 0.080 |
| Multi-site infection | 8 (5.3) | 6 (3.8) | 0.527 |
| Pathogen, % | |||
| CRE | 66 (43.4) | 79 (49.7) | 0.268 |
| CRAB | 80 (52.6) | 82 (51.6) | 0.852 |
| CRPA | 20 (13.2) | 19 (11.9) | 0.748 |
| Other | 2 (1.3) | 3 (1.9) | 1.000 |
| Single-bacterial infection | 135 (88.8) | 137 (86.2) | 0.480 |
| Multi-bacterial infection | 17 (11.2) | 22 (13.8) | 0.480 |
| Mechanical ventilation (invasive), % | 108 (71.1) | 114 (71.7) | 0.721 |
| Hemodialysis, % | 20 (13.2) | 19 (11.9) | 0.677 |
| Temperature, °C, Q2 (Q1, Q3) | 37.3 (36.8, 38.0) | 37.4 (36.8, 38.2) | 0.513 |
| Mean artery pressure, mm Hg, M ± SD | 86.8 ± 15.5 | 85.8 ± 15.4 | 0.579 |
| Hemodynamic support, % | 25 (16.4) | 28 (17.6) | 0.785 |
| PaO2/FiO2, M ± SD | 227.7 ± 94.9 | 233.4 ± 93.5 | 0.601 |
| Scr, mg/dL, Q2 (Q1, Q3) | 59.4 (40.0, 99.8) | 62.5 (44.5, 97.9) | 0.323 |
| Albumin, g/dL, Q2 (Q1, Q3) | 31.3 (28.0, 33.9) | 31.3 (27.5, 37.0) | 0.461 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L, Q2 (Q1, Q3) | 75.2 (41.9, 141.0) | 85.2 (38.0, 161.5) | 0.399 |
| D-dimer, Q2 (Q1, Q3) | 3.7 (1.4,6.3) | 2.8 (1.3, 5.9) | 0.456 |
| Lactic acid, mmol/L, Q2 (Q1, Q3) | 1.4 (1.0,2.0) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) | 0.169 |
| White blood cells, 109/L, Q2 (Q1, Q3) | 11.3 (8.0, 15.7) | 11.4 (8.1, 15.1) | 0.856 |
| Platelet, 109/L, Q2 (Q1, Q3) | 168.5 (85.5, 289.8) | 151.0 (79.0, 244.0) | 0.244 |
| Anti-infection therapy, % | |||
| Polymyxin B monotherapy | 6 (3.9) | 5 (3.1) | 0.702 |
| Polymyxin B + carbapenem | 44 (28.9) | 47 (29.6) | 0.906 |
| Polymyxin B + tigecycline | 13 (8.6) | 18 (11.3) | 0.415 |
| Polymyxin B + β-lactam | 27 (17.8) | 24 (15.1) | 0.525 |
| Polymyxin B + ceftazidime avibactam | 2 (1.3) | 7 (4.4) | 0.174 |
| Polymyxin B + X | 5 (3.3) | 6 (3.8) | 0.817 |
| Polymyxin B + carbapenem + tegacyclin | 21 (13.8) | 25 (15.7) | 0.636 |
| Polymyxin B + tegacyclin + X | 14 (9.2) | 10 (6.3) | 0.335 |
| Polymyxin B + β-lactam + X | 3 (2.0) | 3 (1.9) | 1.000 |
| Polymyxin B + carbapenem + X | 17 (11.2) | 13 (8.2) | 0.369 |
| GCS, Q2 (Q1, Q3) | 9.0 (6.0, 13.8) | 8.0 (5.0, 14.0) | 0.771 |
| APACHE II score, M ± SD | 19.0 ± 7.6 | 18.8 ± 6.9 | 0.819 |
| SOFA score, Q2 (Q1, Q3) | 7.0 (5.0, 10.0) | 8.0 (5.0, 10.0) | 0.774 |
Data are mean (SD), n (%), or median (IQR). HD: high dose. LD: low dose. BMI = body mass index. CRE = carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. CRAB = carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. CRPA = carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Scr: serum creatinine. GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale. APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation. SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. X = β-lactam / aminoglycosides / cephalosporin / quinolone / oxazolidinone / minocycline / fosfomycin