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. 2023 Jun 12;21:383. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04206-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — The enhanced antitumor effect of PTX@CAR-Exos in vitro. A Flow cytometric analyses of granzyme B and perforin expression of CAR exosomes conjugated to latex beads or CAR-T cells. The histograms shown isotype controls (black) and positive expression (red). B The expression of granzyme B and perforin in CAR-Exos or whole-cell lysates of CAR-T cells were analyzed by western blotting. C The cytotoxic activity of different concentrations of CAR exosomes against MSLN-LLC cells. D In vitro drug release profile of paclitaxel-loaded CAR exosomes was evaluated in PBS at pH 7.4 and different temperatures. The percentage of drug release (%) = OD value of the PTX released from the CAR exosomes /OD value of the total PTX in the CAR Exosomes × 100%. E Cytotoxicity and Calcein-AM/PI staining analysis in vivo. Fluorescent microscopic imaging of MSLN-LLC cells after treatment with PBS, T-Exos, CAR-Exos, PTX, PTX@T-Exos, or PTX@CAR-Exos for 24 h, cells were stained with Calcein-AM/PI (original magnification, 10 ×). Scale bar: 100 μm. F Quantitative analysis of cell death rate analyzed by Calcein-AM/PI staining. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three biological replicates. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns: not significant