Table 1.
Summary of reported code violations.
| Code article | Violations to the international code | Place | n | % | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Internet | On‐site | ||||||
| n | % | n | % | ||||
| Article 5. The general public and mothers | 5.1 Promotion to the general public | 105 | 11.8 | 27 | 3.0 | 132 | 14.8 |
| 5.2 Sample distribution | 29 | 3.3 | 12 | 1.3 | 41 | 4.6 | |
| 5.3 Point‐of‐sale advertising, giving of samples, or any other promotion device, special displays, discount coupons, premiums, special sales, loss‐leaders and tie‐in sales | 126 | 14.2 | 17 | 1.9 | 143 | 16.1 | |
| 5.4. Gifts distribution to mothers | 41 | 4.6 | 11 | 1.2 | 52 | 5.8 | |
| 5.5. Direct contact with mothers | 52 | 5.8 | 95 | 10.7 | 147 | 16.5 | |
| Subtotal | 353 | 39.7 | 162 | 18.2 | 515 | 57.9 | |
| Article 6. Health care system | 6.1 Promotion at hospitals, health clinics and other health facilities | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 0.4 | 4 | 0.4 |
| 6.3 Display of products within the scope of the Code (placards or posters concerning such products, or for the distribution of material provided by a manufacturer or distributor) | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 0.4 | 4 | 0.4 | |
| 6.4 The use by the health care system of ‘professional service representatives’, ‘mothercraft nurses’ or similar personnel provided or paid for by manufacturers or distributors | 20 | 2.2 | 10 | 1.1 | 30 | 3.4 | |
| 6.6 Donations or low‐price sales to institutions or organisations of supplies of infant formula or other products within the Code scope | 7 | 0.8 | 13 | 1.5 | 20 | 2.2 | |
| 6.8 Equipment and materials donated to a health care system that refers to any proprietary product within the Code scope | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 0.7 | 6 | 0.7 | |
| Subtotal | 27 | 3.0 | 37 | 4.2 | 64 | 7.2 | |
| Article 7. Health workers | 7.2 Manufacturers provide information that creates a belief that bottle‐feeding is equivalent or superior to breastfeeding | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.2 |
| 7.3 Manufacturers or distributors provide financial or material inducements to promote products to health workers | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.2 | |
| 7.4 Health workers provide samples of infant formula to pregnant women, mothers of infants and young children, or members of their families | 1 | 0.1 | 4 | 0.4 | 5 | 0.6 | |
| 7.5 Undisclosed support by manufacturers for fellowships, study tours, research grants, attendance at professional conferences, or the like to health workers | 81 | 9.1 | 6 | 0.7 | 87 | 9.8 | |
| Subtotal | 82 | 9.2 | 14 | 1.6 | 96 | 10.8 | |
| Article 8. Persons employed by manufacturers and distributors | 8.2 Persons employed by manufacturers perform educational functions in relation to pregnant women or mothers of infants and young children | 83 | 9.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 83 | 9.3 |
| Subtotal | 83 | 9.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 83 | 9.3 | |
| Article 9. Labelling | 9.1 Labels do not provide information about the appropriate use of the product | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 9.2 A clear, conspicuous, easily readable and understandable message printed on the label | 3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.3 | |
| 9.3 Statement warning that the product is the sole source of nourishment for an infant | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| 9.4 Clear information on the product compositions, ingredients, storage requirements, batch number and taking into account the climate of the country concerned | 1 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.2 | 3 | 0.3 | |
| Subtotal | 4 | 0.4 | 2 | 0.2 | 6 | 0.7 | |
| Article 10. Quality | 10.2 Food products meet applicable standards recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the Codex Code of Hygienic Practice for Foods for Infants and Children | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.1 |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||||
| Subtotal | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.1 | |
| Article 11. Implementation and monitoring | Article 11. Implementation and monitoring | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Donation in emergency situation and WHA 63.32 (2010) | Supplies or donations by manufacturers during emergency situations | 3 | 0.3 | 7 | 0.8 | 10 | 1.1 |
| WHA 69.9 (World Health Organization, 2016b) | Marketing products for children aged 6–36 months | 17 | 1.9 | 1 | 0.1 | 18 | 2.0 |
| WHA 58.32 (2005); 63.32 (World Health Organization, 2010) | The use of unsubstantiated health and nutrition claims | 81 | 9.1 | 1 | 0.1 | 82 | 9.2 |
| 14 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 14 | 1.6 | ||
| Subtotal | 95 | 10.7 | 1 | 0.1 | 96 | 10.8 | |
| Grand total | 665 | 74.8 | 224 | 25.2 | 889 | 100.0 | |