Table 4.
Multiple multinomial regression analyses of the association between CHDI‐P and GWG stratified by pre‐pregnancy BMI
| Gestational weight gain b | Pre‐pregnancy BMI | Pregnancy c | Variables | OR | 95% CI | p a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inferior | Superior | ||||||
| EWG | Underweight | Early pregnancy (n = 201) | 1st tertile | 1.27 | 0.58 | 2.78 | 0.546 |
| 2nd tertile | 1.02 | 0.47 | 2.24 | 0.960 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Middle pregnancy (n = 127) | 1st tertile | 1.54 | 0.54 | 4.44 | 0.420 | ||
| 2nd tertile | 0.79 | 0.28 | 2.24 | 0.656 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Late pregnancy (n= 134) | 1st tertile | 0.64 | 0.23 | 1.79 | 0.396 | ||
| 2nd tertile | 0.80 | 0.30 | 2.13 | 0.649 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Normal weight | Early pregnancy (n = 1037) | 1st tertile | 0.88 | 0.64 | 1.22 | 0.445 | |
| 2nd tertile | 0.90 | 0.66 | 1.24 | 0.533 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Middle pregnancy (n = 713) | 1st tertile | 1.53 | 1.03 | 2.28 | 0.036 | ||
| 2nd tertile | 1.08 | 0.73 | 1.59 | 0.708 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Late pregnancy (n = 741) | 1st tertile | 1.78 | 1.20 | 2.65 | 0.004 | ||
| 2nd tertile | 1.77 | 1.20 | 2.60 | 0.004 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Overweight/obesity | Early pregnancy (n = 178) | 1st tertile | 0.68 | 0.26 | 1.78 | 0.428 | |
| 2nd tertile | 0.90 | 0.32 | 2.54 | 0.840 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Middle pregnancy (n = 131) | 1st tertile | 1.46 | 0.50 | 4.21 | 0.488 | ||
| 2nd tertile | 0.89 | 0.31 | 2.54 | 0.828 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Late pregnancy (n = 122) | 1st tertile | 4.25 | 1.30 | 13.90 | 0.017 | ||
| 2nd tertile | 1.27 | 0.35 | 4.62 | 0.722 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| IWG | Underweight | Early pregnancy (n = 201) | 1st tertile | 1.14 | 0.39 | 3.28 | 0.815 |
| 2nd tertile | 0.74 | 0.27 | 2.08 | 0.572 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Middle pregnancy (n = 127) | 1st tertile | 1.30 | 0.34 | 5.01 | 0.701 | ||
| 2nd tertile | 0.59 | 0.14 | 2.54 | 0.478 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Late pregnancy (n = 134) | 1st tertile | 0.37 | 0.09 | 1.51 | 0.166 | ||
| 2nd tertile | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.82 | 0.029 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Normal weight | Early pregnancy (n = 1037) | 1st tertile | 1.84 | 1.04 | 3.24 | 0.036 | |
| 2nd tertile | 1.82 | 1.03 | 3.20 | 0.038 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Middle pregnancy (n = 713) | 1st tertile | 1.31 | 0.71 | 2.44 | 0.393 | ||
| 2nd tertile | 0.80 | 0.43 | 1.52 | 0.502 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Late pregnancy (n = 741) | 1st tertile | 0.63 | 0.32 | 1.25 | 0.188 | ||
| 2nd tertile | 1.01 | 0.55 | 1.85 | 0.977 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Overweight/obesity | Early pregnancy (n = 178) | 1st tertile | 0.58 | 0.17 | 2.00 | 0.392 | |
| 2nd tertile | 1.02 | 0.28 | 3.71 | 0.978 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Middle pregnancy (n = 131) | 1st tertile | 0.80 | 0.23 | 2.83 | 0.730 | ||
| 2nd tertile | 0.83 | 0.22 | 3.15 | 0.787 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
| Late pregnancy (n = 122) | 1st tertile | 0.72 | 0.19 | 2.81 | 0.637 | ||
| 2nd tertile | 0.71 | 0.19 | 2.68 | 0.613 | |||
| 3rd tertile d | 1.00 | ||||||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CHDI‐P, Chinese Healthy Diet Index of Pregnancy; CI, confidence interval; EWG, excessive weight gain; GWG, gestational weight gain; IWG, insufficient weight gain; OR, odds ratio.
All participants were divided into underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 24.0 kg/m2), and overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2) to conducted stratified analyses. Multivariate model was adjusted for age (<25, 25–30, 31–34 and ≥35 years), physical activity level (tertile 1, 2 and 3), primiparity (yes, no) and primigravida (yes, no). p < 0.05 was set as statistically significant and presented as bold values.
Adequate gestational weight gain group was the reference group.
Early pregnancy: <14 gestational weeks; middle pregnancy: 14 weeks ≤ gestational ages <28 weeks; late pregnancy: ≥28 gestational weeks.
CHDI‐P scores in tertile 3 were used as the reference group.