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ACD: annular closure device; RCT: randomized controlled trial. * p < 0.05 vs. RCT-ACD; † p < 0.05 vs. RCT-Control. Composite rate = reherniation and/or reoperation.
| Outcome | ACD (N = 55) | RCT-ACD (N = 262) | RCT-Control (N = 272) |
| Reherniation | 3.7%† | 8.5% | 17.0% |
| Reoperation | 5.5% | 6.5% | 12.5% |
| Composite rate | 7.3%† | 10.3% | 18.8% |
