Table 3.

Studies evaluating the association between applicant characteristics and misrepresentation

Study	Key findings	Characteristics assessed
Collier and Janney [8]	No difference in the percentage of misrepresentation between matched and unmatched orthopaedic residency applicants	Match outcome
Freshman et al. [13]	IMGs had a higher number of unverified publications (2.3 ± 3.9 versus 0.9 ± 1.2 [95% CI -0.405 to -2.397]; p < 0.01) Research year applicants had a higher number of unverified publications (0.9 ± 1.8 [95% CI 2.053 to 2.756]; p < 0.001) The remaining factors were not associated with a residency applicant having one or more misrepresentation	Age, gender, USMLE Step 1 score, USMLE Step 2 score, AOA membership, USMG or IMG, attended an NIH Top 40 research institution, additional advanced degree, and research year
Cortez et al. [9]	None of the explored factors were associated with a fellowship applicant having one or more misrepresentation	Age, gender, USMLE Step 1 score, AOA membership, type of medical degree, USMG or IMG, attended an NIH Top 40 research institution, and additional advanced degree
el Beaino et al. [12]	None of the explored factors were associated with a residency applicant having one or more misrepresentation	Gender, USMLE Step 1 score, USMLE Step 2 score, AOA membership, USMG or IMG, and additional advanced degree
Meeks et al. [26]	Holding an advanced degree was not associated with misrepresentation. However, IMGs had a higher percentage of misrepresentation than USMGs (11% [5 of 47] versus 1% [7 of 526]; p = 0.03)	USMG or IMG and additional advanced degree

IMG = international medical graduate; USMLE = United States Medical Licensing Examination; AOA = Alpha Omega Alpha; USMG = United States medical graduate; NIH = National Institutes of Health.