Table 2.
Associations of participant characteristics with digoxin use
| Characteristics | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | P-value |
|---|---|---|
| Age | ||
| 18 to 65 years | Reference | |
| >65 to 80 years | 4.03 (2.97–5.45) | <.001 |
| >80 years | 7.83 (5.49–11.15) | <.001 |
| Gender | ||
| Men | Reference | |
| Women | 0.79 (0.64–0.97) | 0.026 |
| Self-Reported Race/Ethnicity | ||
| Hispanic | 0.75 (0.56–1.02) | 0.07 |
| Non-Hispanic White | Reference | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.98 (0.71–1.34) | 0.88 |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1.16 (0.89–1.50) | 0.27 |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 0.68 (0.27–1.72) | 0.42 |
| Family Income (% federal poverty level) | ||
| Poor (<100%) | 1.20 (0.87–1.66) | 0.26 |
| Near Poor (100–125%) | 1.37 (0.91–2.07) | 0.13 |
| Low (125 to 200%) | 1.08 (0.78–1.50) | 0.63 |
| Middle (200–400%) | 1.08 (0.86–1.37) | 0.52 |
| High (≥400%) | Reference | |
| Private Insurance Coverage | ||
| Yes | Reference | |
| No | 1.26 (1.00–1.59) | 0.05 |
| Index Year | ||
| 2010–2011 | Reference | |
| 2012–2013 | 0.76 (0.60–0.95) | 0.017 |
| 2014–2015 | 0.45 (0.34–0.59) | <.001 |
| 2016–2017 | 0.39 (0.30–0.51) | <.001 |
| Comorbidities (Yes vs. No) | ||
| Heart failure | 4.85 (3.23–7.29) | <.001 |
| Cardiac dysrhythmia | 13.33 (10.34–17.17) | <.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 4.00 (2.98–5.37) | <.001 |
| Angina | 1.18 (0.79–1.77) | 0.43 |
| Stroke | 1.21 (0.83–1.76) | 0.32 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.60 (1.26–2.05) | <.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.11 (0.84–1.47) | 0.44 |
| Hypertension | 1.50 (1.12–2.02) | 0.007 |
| Chronic renal failure | 0.18 (0.04–0.87) | 0.032 |
| Asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.32 (0.99–1.75) | 0.054 |