Table 3. Anthropometric measurements and laboratory data of patients undergoing intermittent fasting (IF) and low-carbohydrate (low-carb) diet (group I) and ad libitum food intake (control, group II) after two years follow-up.
| Group I (n=240) (IF and low-carb diet) |
Group II (n=245) (ad libitum control) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weight (kg) | 69.60 ± 14.75 | 74.90 ± 12.80 | 0.001* |
| Height (cm) | 1.67 ± 0.10 | 1.66 ± 0.08 | 0.563 |
| BMI, (kg/m2) | 24.94 ± 4.76 | 27.17 ± 3.60 | 0.001* |
| Waist circumference(cm) | 97.61 ± 10.8 | 99.31 ± 7.77 | 0.047* |
| Hip circumference(cm) | 103.0± 8.20 | 104.2 ± 7.01 | 0.094 |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.949 ± 0.04 | 0.954 ± 0.02 | 0.087 |
| Body fat (%) | 25.32 ± 4.20 | 27.15 ± 4.48 | 0.001* |
| Skeletal muscle (%) | 27.93 ± 2.21 | 28.14 ± 1.39 | 0.209 |
| Visceral fat (%) | 16.27 ± 0.47 | 16.35 ± 0.51 | 0.073 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 134.7 ± 12.2 | 133.5 ± 10.6 | 0.234 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 78.64 ± 10.2 | 77.15 ± 9.86 | 0.105 |
| Heart rate, (bpm) | 75.68 ± 13.1 | 77.47 ± 13.1 | 0.136 |
| LVEF, (%) | 62.78 ± 3.65 | 63.24 ± 4.32 | 0.209 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 113.4 ± 3.18 | 118.1 ± 5.04 | 0.001* |
| 2-h post prandial plasma glucose (mg/dl) (mmol/L) | 161.9 ± 15.3 | 164.8 ± 17.7 | 0.052 |
| HbA1c % | 5.89 ± 0.23 | 6.24 ± 0.24 | 0.001* |
| Progression to diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 5 (2.1%) | 17 (6.9%) | 0.010* |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.37 ± 0.73 | 12.30 ± 0.75 | 0.321 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 210.9 ± 39.2 | 216.9 ± 37.9 | 0.087 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 153.3 ± 31.6 | 155.1 ± 11.3 | 0.390 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 132.1 ± 24.2 | 139.1 ± 25.7 | 0.002* |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 44.07 ± 6.76 | 44.86 ± 7.36 | 0.219 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.04± 0.21 | 1.07 ± 0.16 | 0.165 |
| e-GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 93.01 ± 17.7 | 91.95 ± 10.0 | 0.415 |
| Albuminuria (mg/g) | 28.75 ± 4.69 | 30.33 ± 5.19 | 0.001* |
| CRP (mg/L) | 3.59 ± 1.65 | 3.71 ± 1.37 | 0.388 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.98 ± 0.78 | 5.87 ± 0.57 | 0.088 |
| Serum troponin I (ng/mL) | 0.030 ± 0.01 | 0.032± 0.01 | 0.111 |
| Ankle brachial index | 1.05 ± 0.15 | 1.08 ± 0.14 | 0.073 |
| Carotid IMT (mm) | 0.99 ± 0.11 | 1.01 ± 0.10 | 0.078 |
*
Significant P value; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; TG: triglyceride; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; e-GFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CRP: C - reactive protein; IMT: intima media thickness.