Table 3.

The benefit of learning practices and investments during school closure.

	Mean	Difference	Value added	Value added
		high vs low	Mathematics	Language
		HH educ
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Panel A: In-person Child Survey
In touch with teachers (any mean)	0.38	0.11***	0.061**	0.033
		(0.02)	(0.023)	(0.021)
______phone calls	0.23	0.11***	0.096***	0.054**
		(0.02)	(0.026)	(0.023)
______text messages	0.05	0.04***	−0.032	0.017
		(0.01)	(0.044)	(0.040)
______in person visits	0.19	0.02	0.056*	0.001
		(0.02)	(0.029)	(0.024)
Learning activity every week	0.19	0.05***	0.082**	0.046*
		(0.02)	(0.029)	(0.024)
Mobile phone to study	0.27	0.19***	0.138***	0.120***
		(0.02)	(0.026)	(0.021)
Internet to study	0.25	0.18***	0.122***	0.106***
		(0.02)	(0.028)	(0.023)
N. of schools			200	200
Observations			3,856	3,856
Panel B: Phone Mothers Survey
Teaching/learning material available (any)	0.57	0.02	0.036	0.001
		(0.03)	(0.033)	(0.030)
______Whatsapp	0.08	0.08***	0.112	0.008
		(0.02)	(0.071)	(0.047)
______School text, work books	0.36	−0.04	0.033	−0.007
		(0.03)	(0.039)	(0.031)
______Educational programs on TV/Radio	0.02	0.03***	−0.050	−0.009
		(0.01)	(0.097)	(0.085)
Tuitions	0.28	−0.05*	0.052	0.102***
		(0.03)	(0.039)	(0.030)
School in touch at least every other week	0.21	0.11***	0.019	−0.044
		(0.03)	(0.050)	(0.036)
Study support from parents	0.57	0.12***	0.037	0.023
		(0.03)	(0.037)	(0.030)
Study support from siblings/other family	0.31	0.01	0.011	0.015
		(0.03)	(0.036)	(0.029)
N. of schools			184	184
Observations			1,823	1,823

Notes: The sample is restricted to the panel sample of children that were tracked from 2018 until 2022. Panel A considers variables taken from the 2022 in-person child survey. Panel B considers variables taken from the 2021 phone survey administered to mothers. The table reports the overall mean (column 1), as well as the difference in mean (and its standard error) between children that live in a household where the highest attained education level is secondary school or higher vs other children (Column 2). Column 4 and 5 present the value added of each item on test-scores in Mathematics (column 3) and Language (column 4), estimated using regression (3) from the main text. The regression controls for test score in 2018, test score in 2019, gender, age, grade fixed effects, school fixed effects, wealth index (obtained combining 21 variables from the 2018 survey), highest education level in the HH, whether the student was taking tuition in 2019, whether the student participated in study groups after school in 2019, whether the student ever studied with friends after school in 2019. Standard errors clustered at the school level are reported in brackets below the coefficients. There are 200 schools in the full sample. * p$<$0.1, ** p$<$0.05, *** p$<$0.01.