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. 2023 Jan 11;39(6):962–972. doi: 10.1007/s12264-022-01015-4

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© Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 4 — Significant reduction in auditory frequency discrimination due to pharmacogenetic inhibition of AAF pyramidal neurons. A Experimental timeline for virus injection and behavior testing. B Schematic showing bilateral injection of virus into the AAF. Scale bar, 200 μm. C Experimental scheme for the training and fear conditioning test of pattern 1. D Pharmacogenetic inhibition of hM4Di⁺ pyramidal neurons in the AAF (injected with CNO) significantly disrupts the auditory frequency discrimination behavior (n = 8). E Vehicle injection does not influence the auditory frequency discrimination behavior of hM4Di-infected animals (n = 6). F, G The mCherry-infected mice (injected with CNO or vehicle) significantly differentiate the two frequency tones (F: n = 9; G: n = 6). H Experimental scheme for the training and fear conditioning test of pattern 2. I Pharmacogenetic inhibition of pyramidal neurons expressed hM4Di (injected with CNO) significantly disrupts the auditory frequency discrimination behavior (n = 9). J Vehicle injection does not influence the auditory frequency discrimination behavior of hM4Di-infected animals (n = 8). K, L The mCherry-infected mice (injected with CNO or vehicle) significantly discriminate the two frequency tones (K: n = 7; L: n = 12). All data are shown as the mean ± SEM, N.S., no significant difference; **P <0.01, ***P <0.001, paired Student’s t-test.