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. 2023 Jun 13;14:3193. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38715-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Shape changes were visualized along PC 1 and PC 2 by warping the sample mean shape along the positive and negative ends of PC 1 and PC 2, plus/minus two standard deviations from the sample mean. Labels: Laetoli Hominin 18 (L18); Lake Mungo (LM); Liujiang (Lj); Minatogawa 1 (M1), 2 (M2), and 4 (M4); Qafzeh 6 (Q6), S (Salkhit); Wadjak 2 (Wa); and Zhoukoudian Upper Cave 101 (Z101) and 103 (Z103). a TPL 1 and 6 (3 reconstructions TPL 6-R1, R2, R3) frontal shape; left panel complete sample and right panel only H. sapiens. Shape changes along PC 1 are the projection and shape of the brow ridge, and rounding of the frontal squama, with specimens plotting at the positive end of PC 1 (i.e., H. erectus) expressing an entirely more robust and projecting brow ridge, narrower frontal width, and a flatter and more receding frontal squama. Specimens plotting along the negative end of PC 1, including TPL 6, have a morphology that is more gracile and a vertical frontal bone. Shape changes along PC 2 are in the shape of the frontal squama, frontal width, and middle and lateral brow ridge projection. b TPL 1 maxilla shape; left panel complete sample and right panel only H. sapiens. Shape changes along PC 1 are mainly in the supero-inferior height of the lower maxilla and the length of the dental arcade. The taller maxillae with shorter dental arcades plot along the positive end. Shape changes along PC 2 are in the projection of the lower anterior maxilla and breadth of the palate. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.