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. 2023 Jun 13;14:3286. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38238-6

Fig. 3. Shift from immune health grade (IHG)-I to non-IHG-I grades in settings associated with increased antigenic stimulation.

Fig. 3

a %IHG (prevalence) in Kenyan children according to Schistosoma haematobium egg counts in urine. b–f Acute COVID-19 cohort. b %IHGs at baseline vs. convalescence (paired): overall, by age and cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus. c IHG degradation and reconstitution during COVID-19 by CMV serostatus. Baseline %IHG-II and %IHG-IV, higher during COVID-19, is overrepresented in CMV− and CMV+ patients, respectively. d Baseline %IHGs by CMV serostatus: overall, and age. e Baseline %IHGs, hospitalization (hosp.) rates, and CMV seropositivity rates by age strata. PIHG-I and PIHG-IV, for the change in %IHG-I vs. other grades and %IHG-IV vs other grades across age strata, respectively. f Baseline %IHGs overall and stratified by sex and outcomes. F female, M male. Disease severity status defined by World Health Organization (WHO) ordinal scale: 1-4 [mild]; 5 [moderate]; 6–8 [severe]. g %IHGs in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). h Primary HIV infection cohort (PIC). Left, Baseline %IHGs by HIV viral load (HIV-VL). Right, %IHGs before (pre-antiretroviral therapy [ART]) and during 4 years of ART. i Schema for panel h with %IHGs in year 4 of ART. j %IHGs during 5 years of therapy-naïve HIV disease course in the subset with IHG-I at entry into the early infection cohort (EIC). k Baseline %IHG (top) and subsequent HIV seroconversion rates (bottom) in female sex workers who were HIV− at baseline stratified according to behavioral and biological (sexually transmitted infection [STI]) risk factors. Behavioral risk factors: duration of sex work, condom usage (1, never; 2, <50%; 3, ≥50%; and 4, always), clients/week, and ∆ (clients – condoms) (the difference between the number of clients/wk and condoms used/wk). Behavioral acitivty score (BAS) is the sum of scores of these risk factors. STI scores were derived based on direct and indirect indicators of STI. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns nonsignificant. Two-sided tests were used. Statistics are outlined in Supplementary Information Section 11.3.3., P values are in Supplementary Data 14, and Source data are provided as a Source Data file.