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. 2023 Jun 13;14:3286. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38238-6

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — a Schema of features associated with IR erosion phenotypes defined by immune health grade (IHG) status, and survival-associated signature (SAS)-1/mortality-associated signature (MAS)-1 profiles. Ag antigenic, F female, H high, IC immunocompetence, IF inflammation, L low, M male b IR erosion-resistant and IR erosion-susceptible phenotypes based on experimental models. c Correlation (r; Pearson) between expression levels of genes within SAS-1 and MAS-1 signatures with levels of an indicator for T-cell responsiveness, T-cell dysfunction, and systemic inflammation. Measures of T-cell responsiveness, T-cell dysfunction, and plasma IL-6 are from 55, 56, and 50 HIV+ individuals, respectively, on virally suppressive antiretroviral therapy from the early HIV infection cohort. d, e Levels of the indicated immune traits by IHGs in (d) sooty mangabeys seropositive for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and (e) SIV-seronegative Chinese rhesus macaques. Comparisons were made between IHG-I vs. IHG-III and IHG-II vs. IHG-IV to mitigate the confounding effects of higher and lower CD4⁺ counts, respectively. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. For box plots: center line, median; box, interquartile range (IQR); whiskers, rest of the data distribution and outliers greater than ±1.5 × IQR are represented as points. Two-sided tests were used. Statistics are outlined in Supplementary Information Section 11.3.9., P values are in Supplementary Data 14, and Source data are provided as a Source Data file.