Table 3.
Bone length, bone weight, bone mineral density and content, and 3-dimensional microstructure of femur and blood chemistry of sedentary and voluntary running exercise fed low calcium diet or calcium supplementation from tuna bone. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with corresponding L, †P < 0.05 compared with sedentary L. Significant values are in bold.
| n | Sedentary | Exercise | P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SL | SB | EL | EB | Supplement | Exercise | Interaction | ||
| Bone length | ||||||||
| Femur (cm) | 10 | 3.477 ± 0.031 | 3.475 ± 0.020 | 3.479 ± 0.013 | 3.525 ± 0.035 | 0.4092 | 0.3303 | 0.3683 |
| Tibia (cm) | 10 | 3.897 ± 0.018 | 3.873 ± 0.030 | 3.890 ± 0.017 | 3.921 ± 0.013 | 0.8684 | 0.3348 | 0.1981 |
| Bone weight | ||||||||
| Dry (g) | 10 | 0.583 ± 0.013 | 0.692 ± 0.019*** | 0.603 ± 0.012 | 0.710 ± 0.016*** | < 0.0001 | 0.2330 | 0.9702 |
| Ash (g) | 10 | 0.334 ± 0.011 | 0.446 ± 0.015*** | 0.363 ± 0.010 | 0.455 ± 0.011*** | < 0.0001 | 0.1117 | 0.4011 |
| Metaphyseal distal femur | ||||||||
| Subcortical BMD (g/cm3) | 10 | 0.963 ± 0.024 | 0.964 ± 0.032 | 0.977 ± 0.047 | 0.962 ± 0.038 | 0.5449 | 0.6036 | 0.4893 |
| Subcortical BMC (mg/mm) | 10 | 7.138 ± 0.767 | 15.78 ± 3.134c | 7.967 ± 1.140 | 17.416 ± 2.720*** | < 0.0001 | 0.0828 | 0.5621 |
| Trabecular BMD (g/cm3) | 10 | 0.266 ± 0.045 | 0.448 ± 0.037*** | 0.317 ± 0.048† | 0.476 ± 0.015*** | < 0.0001 | 0.0028 | 0.3438 |
| Trabecular BMC (mg/mm) | 10 | 3.042 ± 0.562 | 1.668 ± 0.653*** | 3.403 ± 0.757 | 1.353 ± 0.465*** | < 0.0001 | 0.9071 | 0.0928 |
| Trabecular area (cm2) | 10 | 11.27 ± 0.984 | 3.848 ± 1.729*** | 10.63 ± 1.738 | 2.88 ± 1.049*** | < 0.0001 | 0.0828 | 0.7140 |
| Cortical BMD (g/cm3) | 10 | 1.102 ± 0.018 | 1.100 ± 0.040 | 1.073 ± 0.032 | 1.064 ± 0.036 | 0.5834 | 0.0035 | 0.7274 |
| Cortical BMC (mg/mm) | 10 | 6.118 ± 0.581 | 13.79 ± 3.142*** | 6.938 ± 0.963 | 15.28 ± 2.602*** | < 0.0001 | 0.0932 | 0.6207 |
| Cortical area (cm2) | 10 | 5.561 ± 0.536 | 12.96 ± 3.076*** | 6.182 ± 0.855 | 14.46 ± 2.535*** | < 0.0001 | 0.1121 | 0.5048 |
| Cortical thickness (mm) | 10 | 0.396 ± 0.032 | 1.022 ± 0.267*** | 0.451 ± 0.060 | 1.141 ± 0.195*** | < 0.0001 | 0.1118 | 0.5514 |
| Cortical Ps.Pm (mm) | 10 | 15.30 ± 0.560 | 15.92 ± 0.820 | 15.48 ± 1.097 | 16.21 ± 1.014 | 0.0233 | 0.4097 | 0.8454 |
| Cortical Es.Pm (mm) | 10 | 12.81 ± 0.520 | 9.495 ± 1.300*** | 12.65 ± 1.019 | 9.040 ± 0.997*** | < 0.0001 | 0.3335 | 0.6478 |
| Diaphyseal midshaft femur | ||||||||
| Cortical BMD (g/cm3) | 10 | 1.234 ± 0.017 | 1.305 ± 0.012*** | 1.258 ± 0.022† | 1.305 ± 0.011*** | < 0.0001 | 0.0230 | 0.0251 |
| Cortical BMC (mg/mm) | 10 | 6.434 ± 0.461 | 7.967 ± 0.919*** | 7.168 ± 0.512 | 8.082 ± 0510* | < 0.0001 | 0.0396 | 0.1282 |
| Cortical area (cm2) | 10 | 5.219 ± 0.396 | 6.107 ± 0.718** | 5.701 ± 0.465 | 6.194 ± 0.404 | < 0.0001 | 0.0390 | 0.1202 |
| Cortical thickness (mm) | 10 | 0.495 ± 0.027 | 0.569 ± 0.055** | 0.551 ± 0.044† | 0.588 ± 0.034 | < 0.0001 | 0.0067 | 0.1597 |
| Cortical Ps.Pm (mm) | 10 | 12.10 ± 0.465 | 12.50 ± 0.458 | 12.07 ± 0.456 | 12.38 ± 0.341 | 0.0145 | 0.6114 | 0.7075 |
| Cortical Es.Pm (mm) | 10 | 8.987 ± 0.456 | 8.923 ± 0.286 | 8.613 ± 0.502 | 8.682 ± 0.343 | 0.9883 | 0.0196 | 0.6016 |
| Blood chemistry | ||||||||
| Total calcium (mM) | 10 | 2.549 ± 0.031 | 2.686 ± 0.032* | 2.476 ± 0.041 | 2.527 ± 0.031 | 0.0088 | 0.0016 | 0.2131 |
| Ionized calcium (mM) | 10 | 1.343 ± 0.016 | 1.324 ± 0.007 | 1.306 ± 0.007 | 1.304 ± 0.014 | 0.3805 | 0.0212 | 0.4769 |
| Inorganic phosphate (mM) | 10 | 2.540 ± 0.092 | 2.906 ± 0.057* | 2.559 ± 0.080 | 2.849 ± 0.086 | 0.0002 | 0.8134 | 0.6374 |