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. 2023 Jun 13;13:9568. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36561-y

Table 3.

Bone length, bone weight, bone mineral density and content, and 3-dimensional microstructure of femur and blood chemistry of sedentary and voluntary running exercise fed low calcium diet or calcium supplementation from tuna bone. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with corresponding L, P < 0.05 compared with sedentary L. Significant values are in bold.

n Sedentary Exercise P value
SL SB EL EB Supplement Exercise Interaction
Bone length
 Femur (cm) 10 3.477 ± 0.031 3.475 ± 0.020 3.479 ± 0.013 3.525 ± 0.035 0.4092 0.3303 0.3683
 Tibia (cm) 10 3.897 ± 0.018 3.873 ± 0.030 3.890 ± 0.017 3.921 ± 0.013 0.8684 0.3348 0.1981
Bone weight
 Dry (g) 10 0.583 ± 0.013 0.692 ± 0.019*** 0.603 ± 0.012 0.710 ± 0.016*** < 0.0001 0.2330 0.9702
 Ash (g) 10 0.334 ± 0.011 0.446 ± 0.015*** 0.363 ± 0.010 0.455 ± 0.011*** < 0.0001 0.1117 0.4011
Metaphyseal distal femur
 Subcortical BMD (g/cm3) 10 0.963 ± 0.024 0.964 ± 0.032 0.977 ± 0.047 0.962 ± 0.038 0.5449 0.6036 0.4893
 Subcortical BMC (mg/mm) 10 7.138 ± 0.767 15.78 ± 3.134c 7.967 ± 1.140 17.416 ± 2.720*** < 0.0001 0.0828 0.5621
 Trabecular BMD (g/cm3) 10 0.266 ± 0.045 0.448 ± 0.037*** 0.317 ± 0.048 0.476 ± 0.015*** < 0.0001 0.0028 0.3438
 Trabecular BMC (mg/mm) 10 3.042 ± 0.562 1.668 ± 0.653*** 3.403 ± 0.757 1.353 ± 0.465*** < 0.0001 0.9071 0.0928
 Trabecular area (cm2) 10 11.27 ± 0.984 3.848 ± 1.729*** 10.63 ± 1.738 2.88 ± 1.049*** < 0.0001 0.0828 0.7140
 Cortical BMD (g/cm3) 10 1.102 ± 0.018 1.100 ± 0.040 1.073 ± 0.032 1.064 ± 0.036 0.5834 0.0035 0.7274
 Cortical BMC (mg/mm) 10 6.118 ± 0.581 13.79 ± 3.142*** 6.938 ± 0.963 15.28 ± 2.602*** < 0.0001 0.0932 0.6207
 Cortical area (cm2) 10 5.561 ± 0.536 12.96 ± 3.076*** 6.182 ± 0.855 14.46 ± 2.535*** < 0.0001 0.1121 0.5048
 Cortical thickness (mm) 10 0.396 ± 0.032 1.022 ± 0.267*** 0.451 ± 0.060 1.141 ± 0.195*** < 0.0001 0.1118 0.5514
 Cortical Ps.Pm (mm) 10 15.30 ± 0.560 15.92 ± 0.820 15.48 ± 1.097 16.21 ± 1.014 0.0233 0.4097 0.8454
 Cortical Es.Pm (mm) 10 12.81 ± 0.520 9.495 ± 1.300*** 12.65 ± 1.019 9.040 ± 0.997*** < 0.0001 0.3335 0.6478
Diaphyseal midshaft femur
 Cortical BMD (g/cm3) 10 1.234 ± 0.017 1.305 ± 0.012*** 1.258 ± 0.022 1.305 ± 0.011*** < 0.0001 0.0230 0.0251
 Cortical BMC (mg/mm) 10 6.434 ± 0.461 7.967 ± 0.919*** 7.168 ± 0.512 8.082 ± 0510* < 0.0001 0.0396 0.1282
 Cortical area (cm2) 10 5.219 ± 0.396 6.107 ± 0.718** 5.701 ± 0.465 6.194 ± 0.404 < 0.0001 0.0390 0.1202
 Cortical thickness (mm) 10 0.495 ± 0.027 0.569 ± 0.055** 0.551 ± 0.044 0.588 ± 0.034 < 0.0001 0.0067 0.1597
 Cortical Ps.Pm (mm) 10 12.10 ± 0.465 12.50 ± 0.458 12.07 ± 0.456 12.38 ± 0.341 0.0145 0.6114 0.7075
 Cortical Es.Pm (mm) 10 8.987 ± 0.456 8.923 ± 0.286 8.613 ± 0.502 8.682 ± 0.343 0.9883 0.0196 0.6016
Blood chemistry
 Total calcium (mM) 10 2.549 ± 0.031 2.686 ± 0.032* 2.476 ± 0.041 2.527 ± 0.031 0.0088 0.0016 0.2131
 Ionized calcium (mM) 10 1.343 ± 0.016 1.324 ± 0.007 1.306 ± 0.007 1.304 ± 0.014 0.3805 0.0212 0.4769
 Inorganic phosphate (mM) 10 2.540 ± 0.092 2.906 ± 0.057* 2.559 ± 0.080 2.849 ± 0.086 0.0002 0.8134 0.6374