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. 2023 Jun 13;13:9579. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36492-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Impact of ALF-Se NPs in comparison with ALF and Se NPs on key redox mediator and ROS level. (A) Relative fold elevation in Nrf2 transcription and (B) relative fold decrease in ROS level in the treated Caco-2, HepG-2 and MCF-7 cells. All values are demonstrated as mean ± SEM. ALF-Se NPs is statistically significant with ALF and Se NPs at p < 0.05*, p < 0.005** and p < 0.0005***. ALF; apolactoferrin, Se NPs; selenium nanoparticles, ALF-Se NPs; nanoformulation of apolactoferrin with Se NPs.