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. 2023 Mar 24;475(7):797–805. doi: 10.1007/s00424-023-02805-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Mechanisms of increased blood pressure in chronic smokers. ED is initiated and propagated by smoking. Clinical studies have demonstrated increased blood pressure and vascular stiffness, and decreased flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in subjects after smoking only one cigarette, but also in chronic smokers. The increase in secreted adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) promotes immune cell infiltration into the endothelium. Accumulated immune cells impair vascular function through decrease in nitric oxide (^•NO) signaling, promoting increased vasoconstriction and future atherosclerosis. Created with BioRender.com