Table 3.

Intervention-Related Changes in Secondary (Functional Neuroplasticity) and Additional Outcome Measures

	Intervention-related change: Social dancing vs. treadmill walking
Outcomes	Estimate; SE [95% CI]
Secondary outcomes (functional neuroplasticity)
Imagery of walking while talking	58.22; 51.20 [−42.14, 158.58]
Flanker interference	24.60; 28.47 [−31.20, 80.40]
Digit symbol substitution	166.16; 202.70 [−231.12, 563.44]
Additional outcomes (structural neuroplasticity)
White matter lesion volume	−0.50; 0.82 [−2.11, 1.10]
White matter lesion number	−2.31; 4.45 [−11.05, 6.42]
Hippocampal volume (left hemisphere)	34.16; 51.96 [−67.67, 135.99]
Hippocampal volume (right hemisphere)	272.76; 109.42 [58.29, 487.22]*
Additional outcomes (mood; physical function)
Geriatric depression score	1.08; 1.11 [−1.30, 3.46]
Unipedal stance	0.57; 5.91 [−13.40, 14.55]
Normal pace walking (velocity)	7.27; 8.57 [−11.60, 26.14]
CHAMPS all physical activity	0.33; 4.54 [−9.57, 10.22]
CHAMPS moderate physical activity	0.77; 2.70 [−5.10, 6.64]

Note. CHAMPS = Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors; CI = confidence interval.

^*Estimate statistically significant with a p < .05.