TABLE 6.
Neurotransmitter system | Drug (doses) and administration route | Mechanism of action | References |
GABAergic system | Bicuculline (0.01−0.3 mg/kg), i.p. Bicuculline (50 ng/rat), intra-VTA | GABA-A receptor antagonist | Rodríguez-Manzo and Canseco-Alba, 2017 |
Glutamatergic system | Ketamine (0.01−0.3 mg/kg), i.p. | Non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist | Rodríguez-Manzo, 2015 |
CNQX (0.001−0.003 mg/kg), i.p. | AMPA receptor antagonist | ||
MPEP (0.03 mg/kg), i.p. | mGluR5 receptor antagonist | ||
Noradrenergic system | Yohimbine (2.0−4.0 mg/kg), i.p. | α2-adrenoceptor antagonist | Rodríguez-Manzo and Fernández-Guasti, 1994 |
Serotonergic system | 8-OH-DPAT (0.25−0.5 mg/kg) i.p. | 5-HT1A receptor agonist | Rodríguez-Manzo and Fernández-Guasti, 1994 |
Dopaminergic system | Apomorphine (25−100 μg/kg), i.p. | Non-selective DA receptor agonist | Guadarrama-Bazante et al., 2014 |
SKF38393 (3.0 mg/kg), i.p. | D1-like DA receptor agonist | ||
Apomorphine (0.6−6.0 μg/rat), intra-NAcc | Non-selective DA receptor agonist | Guadarrama-Bazante and Rodríguez-Manzo, 2019 | |
Quinpirole (0.3−1.0 μg/rat), intra-NAcc Quinpirole (0.3 μg/rat), intra-mPOA |
D2-like DA receptor agonist | ||
Opioidergic system | Naloxone (3.0 mg/kg), i.p. Naltrexone (0.2 mg/kg), i.p. |
μ and δ opioid receptor antagonists | Rodríguez-Manzo and Fernández-Guasti, 1995a |
Naltrexone (0.3 μg/rat), intra-VTA | μ and δ opioid receptor antagonist | Garduño-Gutiérrez et al., 2013 | |
Endocannabinoid system | AEA (0.1−0.3 mg/kg), i.p. | CBR agonist | Canseco-Alba and Rodríguez-Manzo, 2014 |
AEA (0.01−0.03 μg/rat), intra-VTA | CBR agonist | Canseco-Alba and Rodríguez-Manzo, 2016 | |
2-AG (0.1−3.0 mg/kg), i.p. | CBR agonist | Canseco-Alba and Rodríguez-Manzo, 2019a |
i.p., intraperitoneal; intra-VTA, infused into the ventral tegmental area; intra-NAcc, infused into the nucleus accumbens; intra-mPOA, infused into the hypothalamic medial preoptic area.