Table 1.
Characteristics of studies and participants.
| No | Study | Type of study | Country | Follow-up duration | Intervention Group | Subject (n) | Participant characteristics | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | Gender | BMI (kg/m 2 ) | Weight (kg) | |||||||
| 1 | Othman et al. (65) | Clinical trial | Tunisia | 1 month | Probiotic: 1 tablet containing Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus/day | 15 | 48.73 ± 7.7 (mean ± SD) | Female 93.3% (n = 42) Male 6.7% (n = 3) | ≥30 (no information for mean and SD) | 106.09 (no information for SD) |
| Diet only (low-carbohydrate and reduced energy diet) | 15 | 103.7 (no information for SD) | ||||||||
| 2 | Sanchez et al. (66) | RCT | Canada | Phase 1 = 12 weeks Phase 2 = 12 weeks |
Probiotic: 2 capsules containing LPR (Lactobacillus rhamnosus)/day | 62 | 35 ± 10.0 (mean ± SE) | Male:24 Female:38 | 33.8 ± 3.3 (mean ± SE) | 95.1 ± 13.9 (mean ± SE) |
| Placebo | 63 | 37 ± 10.0 (mean ± SE) | Male:24 Female:39 | 33.3 ± 3.2 (mean ± SE) | 94.0± 14.9 (mean ± SE) | |||||
| 3 | Akkasheh et al. (67) | RCT | Iran | 8 weeks | Probiotic: 1 capsule containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum/day | 20 | 38.3 ± 12.1 (mean ± SD) | Female 85% (n = 17) Male 15% (n = 3) | 27.6 ± 6.0 (mean ± SD) | 72.6 ± 11.3 (mean ± SD) |
| Placebo (starch) | 20 | 36.2 ± 8.2 (mean ± SD) | Female 85% (n = 17) Male 15% (n = 3) | 26.3 ± 4.1 (mean ± SD) | 68.0 ± 11.5 (mean ± SD) | |||||
BMI, Body Mass Index; RCT, Randomized Controlled Trial.