Table 3.
Infection Prevention Control (IPC) measures taken by study participants on exposure to COVID-19 infected patient(s).
| Characteristics | Case (N = 345) N (%) |
Controls (N = 628) N (%) |
Total(N = 973) N (%) |
Chi-square value | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Received Specific training in COVID-19 patient care | |||||
| Yes | 210 (60.86) | 427 (68) | 637 (65.5) | 4.999 | 0.025 |
| No | 135 (39.14) | 201 (32) | 336 (34.5) | ||
| Use of Public transport in the last 14 days | |||||
| Most days (≥ 8 days) | 36 (10.4) | 71 (11.3) | 107 (10.9) | ||
| Some days (4–7 days) | 42 (12.2) | 92(14.6) | 134 (13.8) | ||
| Few days (≤ 3 days) | 120 (34.8) | 228 (36.3) | 348 (35.8) | ||
| Not used public transport | 147 (42.6) | 237 (37.8) | 384 (39.5) | 12.532 | 0.006 |
| Exposure to COVID-19 patient | |||||
| Yes | 273 (79.1) | 473(75.3) | 746 (76.7) | ||
| No | 72 (20.9) | 155(24.7) | 227 (23.3) | 1.809 | 0.179 |
| H/o close contact (within 1 m) with the patient(s) since their admission | |||||
| H/o close contact (within 1 m) with the patient(s) since their admission | |||||
| Yes No |
239 (69.2) 106 (30.8) |
405(64.5) 223(31.7) |
644 (66.2) 329 (33.8) |
2.278 | 0.131 |
| No. of times of close contact with patient (total; case, n = 239, control, n = 405) | |||||
| < 10 times 10–50 times > 50 times |
96 (40.2) 87 (36.4) 56 (23.4) |
145(35.8) 163(40.2) 97(24) |
241 (37.4) 250 (38.8) 153 (23.8) |
1.355 | 0.508 |
| Maximum amount of time spent with a COVID-19 patient (case, n = 239, control, n = 405) | |||||
| < 5 min 5–15 min > 15 min |
61 (25.5) 80 (33.5) 98 (41) |
101(24.9) 164(40.5) 140(34.6) |
162 (25.2) 244 (37.9) 238 (36.9) |
3.661 | 0.160 |
| H/o prolonged face-to-face exposure (> 15 min) (case, n = 239, control, n = 405) | |||||
| Yes No |
129 (53.9) 110 (46.1) |
233(57.5) 172 (42.8) |
362 (56.2) 282 (43.8) |
0.772 | 0.380 |
| PPE* usage when in prolonged face to face exposure to Covid 19 patients (case, n = 129, control, n = 233) | |||||
| Yes No |
125 (96.9) 4 (1.2) |
223(35.5) 10 (1.6) |
348 (96.1) 14 (3.9) |
0.317 | 0.574 |
| Performance of hand hygiene** before contact with the patient (case, n = 239, control, n = 405) | |||||
| Always, as recommended | 169 (70.7) | 287(45.7) | 456 (70.8) | ||
| Most of the time | 43 (18) | 89(22) | 132 (13.6) | ||
| Occasionally | 11 (4.6) | 9(2.2) | 20 (2.1) | ||
| Rarely | 5 (2.1) | 9(2.2) | 14 (1.4) | ||
| Never | 11 (4.6) | 11(2.7) | 22 (2.3) | 5.484 | 0.241 |
| Performance of hand hygiene* after contact with the patient (case, n = 239, control, n = 405) | |||||
| Always, as recommended | 194 (81.2) | 339(83.7) | 533 (82.8) | ||
| Most of the time | 38 (15.9) | 57(14.1) | 95 (14.8) | ||
| Occasionally | 2 (0.8) | 6(1.5) | 8 (1.2) | ||
| Rarely | 0 | 1(0.2) | 1 (0.1) | ||
| Never | 5 (2.1) | 2(0.3) | 7 (0.7) | 5.081 | 0.279 |
| Aerosol procedure performed on the patient (case, n = 239, control, n = 405) | |||||
| Yes No |
83 (34.7) 156 (65.28) |
146(36) 259 (63.96) |
229 (35.6) 415 (64.4) |
0.115 | 0.735 |
| Wear PPE while performing aerosol procedure (case, n = 239, control, n = 405) | |||||
| Yes No |
82 (98.8) 1 (0.3) |
135(92.5) 11(7.6) |
217 (94.8) 12 (3.9) |
3.090 | 0.079 |
| H/O contact with the patient’s body fluids (case, n = 239, control, n = 405) | |||||
| Yes No |
109(45.6) 130(54.4) |
158(39) 247(61) |
267 (41.5) 377 (58.5) |
2.693 | 0.101 |
| Wearing PPE when in contact with patients’ body fluids (case, n = 109, control, n = 158) | |||||
| Yes | 104 (95.4) | 153(96.8) | 257 (96.3) | 0.075 | 0.784 |
| No | 5(4.6) | 5(3.2) | 10 (3.7) | ||
| H/O direct contact with the patient’s materials | |||||
| H/O direct contact with the patient’s materials | |||||
| Yes | 161(46.7) | 261(41.6) | 422 (43.45) | ||
| No | 180(52.2) | 342(54.5) | 522 (53.6) | 7.503 | 0.023 |
| Unknown | 4(1.2) | 25(4) | 29 (3) | ||
| Number of times of exposure to patients materials (case, n = 161, control, n = 261) | |||||
| < 10 times 10–50 times > 50 times |
76(47.2) 56(34.8) 29(18) |
119(45.6) 113(43.3) 29(11.1) |
195 (46.2) 169 (40) 58 (13.7) |
5.308 | 0.070 |
| H/O contact with the patient’s body fluids via the patient’s materials (case, n = 161, control, n = 261) | |||||
| Yes No |
55(34.2) 106(65.9) |
83(31.8) 178 (68.2) |
138 (32.7) 284 (67.3) |
0.252 | 0.616 |
| Wearing PPE* when in contact with the patient’s body fluids via the patient’s materials (case, n = 55, control, n = 83) | |||||
| Yes No |
53(96.4) 2(3.6) |
80(96.4) 3(3.6) |
133 (96.4) 5(3.6) |
0.000 | 0.995 |
| Performance of hand hygiene** before coming into contact with the patient’s materials (case, n = 161, control, n = 261) | |||||
| Always, as recommended | 104(64.5) | 159(60.9) | 263 (62.3) | ||
| Most of the time | 35(21.6) | 65(24.9) | 100 (23.7) | 0.669 | 0.955 |
| Occasionally | 8(4.9) | 14(5.4) | 22 (5.2) | ||
| Rarely | 3(2.3) | 5(1.9) | 8 (1.9) | ||
| Never | 11(6.7) | 18(6.9) | 29 (6.9) | ||
| Performance of hand hygiene** after contact with the patient’s materials (case, n = 161, control, n = 261) | |||||
| Always, as recommended Most of the time Occasionally Rarely Never |
116 (72.04) 37(22.9) 6(3.7) 1(0.6) 1(0.6) |
199(76.2) 49(18.7) 7(2.7) 1(0.4) 5(1.9) |
315 (74.6) 86 (20.4) 13 (3.1) 2 (0.5) 6(1.4) |
2.745 | 0.601 |
| H/O direct contact with the surfaces around the patient | |||||
| H/O direct contact with the surfaces around the patient | |||||
| Yes No |
167(48.4) 178(51.5) |
265(42.2) 363(57.8) |
432 (44.4) 541 (55.6) |
3.477 | 0.062 |
| Number of times of direct contact with the surfaces around the patient (case, n = 167, control, n = 265) | |||||
| < 10 times 10–50 times > 50 times |
84 (50.3) 59(35.3) 24(14.4) |
122(46) 110(41.5) 33(12.5) |
206 (47.7) 169 (39.1) 57 (13.2) |
1.676 | 0.433 |
| H/O contact with the patient’s body fluids via the surfaces around the patient (case, n = 167, control, n = 265) | |||||
| Yes No |
39(23.2) 128(76.7) |
62(23.4) 203(76.6) |
101 (23.4) 331 (76.6) |
0.0001 | 0.992 |
| Wearing PPE* while in contact with the patient’s body fluids via the surfaces around the patient (case, n = 39, control, n = 62) | |||||
| Yes No |
39(100) 0 |
58(93.5) 4(6.5) |
97 (96) 4 (3.9) |
1.198 | 0.274 |
| Performance of hand hygiene** after contact with these surfaces (case, n = 167, control, n = 265) | |||||
| Always, as recommended Most of the time Occasionally Rarely Never |
120(71.9) 33(19.8) 6(3.6) 2(1.2) 6(3.6) |
189(71.3) 47(17.7) 12(4.5) 0 17(6.4) |
309 (71.5) 80 (18.5) 18 (4.2) 2 (0.5) 23(5.3) |
5.152 | 0.272 |
*
Personal protective equipment (PPE) included Medical/surgical mask, Face shield, gloves, goggles/glasses, gown, headcover, Respirator, shoe cover.
**
Hand hygiene material included alcohol-based hand rub, soap and water.