. 2023 May 31;14:1171119. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1171119

TABLE 1.

Basic and clinical study of TCM for hypertension by regulating intestinal microecology.

No	Botanical drugs/metabolites	Composition or source	Model	Duration of treatment	Doses (mg/kg)	Test method	Main findings	Implicated microbiota	References
1	Zhengan Xifeng decoction	Achyranthes bidentata Blume [Amaranthaceae; achyranthis bidentatae radix], Pisaster ochraceus (Brandt, 1835) [Asteriidae; ochra], Fossilia Ossis Mastodi (Baill.) [Fabaceae; Os Draconis], Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) [Ostreidae; Ostreae Testa], Chinemys reevesii (Gray) [Geoemydidae; Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum], Paeonia lactiflora Pall. [Paeoniaceae; paeoniae radix alba], Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. [Scrophulariaceae; scrophulariae radix], Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. [Asparagaceae; asparagi radix], Melia azedarach L. [Meliaceae; meliae cortex], Hordeum vulgare L. [Poaceae; hordei fructus germinatus], Artemisia capillaris Thunb. [Asteraceae; artemisiae scopariae herba], Glycyrrhiza glabra L. [Fabaceae; glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma praeparata cum melle]	SHRs	8 weeks	15, 30, 60	16S rDAN	① Decrease serum diamine oxidase and D-lactate levels ② Improve the expression of zonula occluden-1, Occludin mRNA in the colon ③ Protect the intestinal mucosal barrier	① Change the proportion of bacteria producing acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in SHRs	Xu et al. (2020)
1	Zhengan Xifeng decoction		SHRs	8 weeks	15,000, 30,000, 60,000	16S rDAN			Yu et al. (2019)
2	Baicalin	Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi [Lamiaceae; scutellariae radix]	Ang II-Induced hypertensive mice	4 Weeks	12, 60, 300	16S rDAN	① Decrease SBP and DBP ② Protect intestinal barrier function and reduce intestinal permeability ③ Attenuate the necrotic and ulcerative intestinal lesions and impairment of the mechanical intestinal barrier④ Decrease the decreased the serum levels of hs-CRP, IL-6, and IL-1β⑤ Mitigate intestinal hyperpermeability and systemic inflammatory response	① Increase the microbial production of SCFA	Li et al. (2022)
2	Baicalin		SHRs	6 Weeks	100	16S rDAN		① Increase the microbial production of SCFA	Wu et al. (2019)
3	Huangqin-Huaihua	Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi [Lamiaceae; scutellariae radix], Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott [Fabaceae; sophorae flos]	SHRs	14 Weeks	900, 1,800	16S rRAN	① Lower BP	① Improve gut microbiota dysbiosis, decreased the F/B ratio	Guan. (2020)
							② Reduce blood creatinine and urea nitrogen levels
							③ Inhibit renal fibrosis and improve renal function
							④ Increase the expression of intestinal tight junction protein and repair the damage of intestinal barrier
4	Cheqianzi crude polysaccharide	Plantago asiatica L. [Plantaginaceae; plantaginis semen]	Hypertensive patients	2 Weeks	Unreported	RT-PCR	① Decrease SBP and DBP	① Increase the abundance of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium	Li et al. (2019)
							② Protect intestinal barrier function and reduce intestinal permeability
							③ Attenuate the necrotic and ulcerative intestinal lesions and impairment of the mechanical intestinal barrier
							④ Decrease the decreased the serum levels of hs-CRP
5	Rhynchophylline	Uncaria hirsuta Havil. [Rubiaceae; uncariae ramulus cum uncis]	SHRs	6 Weeks	2.5, 5, 10	16S rDAN	① Ameliorate BP	① At the Phylum level, the abundance of Firmicutes decreased significantly as well as the abundance of Bacteroidetes increased significantly	Zhang et al. (2023)
5	Rhynchophylline		SHRs	6 Weeks	2.5, 5, 10	16S rDAN	① Ameliorate BP	② At the Genus level, the abundance of Oscillospira, Ruminococcus decreased significantly as well as the abundance of Prevotella increased significantly	Zhang et al. (2023)
6	Quercetin	In the flowers, leaves, or fruits of plants	SHRs	8 Weeks	50	16S rDAN	① Lower SBP	① Increase the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora	Zhou et al. (2020)
6	Quercetin	In the flowers, leaves, or fruits of plants	SHRs	8 Weeks	50	16S rDAN	② Improved the degree of myocardial fibrosis	② Decrease the F/B ratio	Zhou et al. (2020)
7	Soyasaponin Bb	Soybeans and some legumes	High-salt-induced hypertensive mice	3 Weeks	1.51	16S rDAN	① Lower SBP and DBP	① Reduce the relative abundance of harmful bacteria, increase the relative abundance of probiotics	Zhang et al. (2019)
8	Gegen extract	Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen and S.M.Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep [Fabaceae; puerariae lobatae radix]	High-salt-induced hypertensive mice	8 Weeks	3.75	16S rDAN	① Ameliorate BP	① Increase the abundance of Clostridium	Li et al. (2020b)
9	Huangqi-Danshen	Astragalus mongholicus Bunge [Fabaceae; astragali radix praeparata cum mell], Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge [Lamiaceae; salviae miltiorrhizae radix et rhizoma]	SHRs	4 Weeks	3,230, 6,450	16S rDAN	① Ameliorate BP	① Decrease the F/B ratio	Han et al. (2019)
9	Huangqi-Danshen		SHRs	4 Weeks	3,230, 6,450	16S rDAN	① Ameliorate BP	② Improve the abundance of probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium	Han et al. (2019)
10	Duzhong-Cijili	Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. [Eucommiaceae; eucommiae cortex], Tribulus terrestris L. [Zygophyllaceae; tribuli fructus]	SHRs	8 Weeks	2,760, 5,503, 11,060	16S rDAN	① Ameliorate BP	① Increase the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora	Qi et al. (2019)
10	Duzhong-Cijili		SHRs	8 Weeks	2,760, 5,503, 11,060	16S rDAN	② Reduce serum NT-proBNP, CRP, and Ang II levels	② Decrease the relative abundance of Actinobacterica	Qi et al. (2019)
11	Qinggan Yishen Qufeng decoction	Conioselinum anthriscoides ‘Chuanxiong’ [Apiaceae; chuanxiong rhizoma], Leonurus japonicus Houtt. [Lamiaceae; leonuri fructus], Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser [Loranthaceae; taxilli herba], Bupleurum chinense DC. [Apiaceae; bupleuri radix], Coptis chinensis Franch. [Ranunculaceae; coptidis rhizoma], Achyranthes bidentata Blume [Amaranthaceae; achyranthis bidentatae radix], Hansenia weberbaueriana (Fedde ex H.Wolff) Pimenov & Kljuykov [Apiaceae; notopterygii rhizoma et radix], Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz. ex Ledeb.) Schischk. [Apiaceae; saposhnikoviae radix], Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté [Asparagaceae; polygonati rhizoma], Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi [Lamiaceae; scutellariae radix], Haliotis Linnaeus, 1758. [Haliotidae; Concha Haliotidis], Prunella vulgaris L. [Lamiaceae; prunellae spica]	SHRs	14 Weeks	Unreported	16S rDAN	① Decrease SBP② Promote the secretion of acetic acid and butyric acid in the intestine in hypertensive rats③ Improve intestinal pathological damage	① Increase the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora② Promote the growth of intestinal Bifidobacteria, downregulate the abundance of Proteobacteria	Tang et al. (2021)
11	Qinggan Yishen Qufeng decoction		Ang II-Induced hypertensive mice	4 Weeks	Unreported	16S rDAN			Zhen et al. (2021)
12	Xiaochaihu decoction	Bupleurum chinense DC. [Apiaceae; bupleuri radix], Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi [Lamiaceae; scutellariae radix], Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. [Campanulaceae; codonopsis radix], Glycyrrhiza glabra L. [Fabaceae; glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma praeparata cum melle], Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino [Araceae; pinelliae rhizoma], Zingiber officinale Roscoe [Zingiberaceae; zingiberis rhizoma recens], Ziziphus jujuba Mill. [Rhamnaceae; jujubae fructus]	Hypertensive patients	2 Months	Unreported	Unreported	① Decrease SBP and DBP	① Increase the abundance of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacter, decrease the abundance of Enterococcus, yeast, and Enterobacter	Wu et al. (2022)
							② Reduce serum TG, TC, and LDL-C levels, Improve serum HDL-C level
							③ Improve clinical efficacy
							④ Reduce serum IL-6, TNF-cyLDL-C levels"bi
13	Huanglian Jiedu decoction	Coptis chinensis Franch. [Ranunculaceae; coptidis rhizoma], Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi [Lamiaceae; scutellariae radix], Phellodendron chinense C.K.Schneid. [Rutaceae; phellodendri chinensis cortex], Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis [Rubiaceae; gardeniae fructus]	SHRs	6 Weeks	27,000	16S rDAN	① Decrease BP	① Reduce the relative abundance of Firmicutes, increase the relative abundance of probiotic Lactobacillus ② Increase the diversity of intestinal flora	Ma et al. (2020)
14	Sanhuang Xiexin decoction	Rheum tanguticum (Maxim. ex Regel) Balf. [Polygonaceae; rhei radix et rhizoma], Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi [Lamiaceae; scutellariae radix], Coptis chinensis Franch. [Ranunculaceae; coptidis rhizoma]	SHRs	1 Week	1,300, 2,600, 6,000	16S rRAN	① Lower BP	① Increase the amount of Lactobacillus ② Alter the percentage compositions of Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, and Turicibacter bacteria	Wu et al. (2020)
15	Bushen Hemai granules	Astragalus mongholicus Bunge [Fabaceae; astragali radix praeparata cum mell], Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté [Asparagaceae; polygonati rhizoma], Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser [Loranthaceae; taxilli herba], Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. [Berberidaceae; epimedii folium], Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. [Eucommiaceae; eucommiae cortex], Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Aiton [Oleaceae; cera chinensis], Achyranthes bidentata Blume [Amaranthaceae; achyranthis bidentatae radix], Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. Orientale (Sam.) Sam. [Alismataceae; alismatis rhizoma], Conioselinum anthriscoides ‘Chuanxiong’ [Apiaceae; chuanxiong rhizoma], Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels [Apiaceae; angelicae sinensis radix], Pheretima guillelmi (Michaelsen) [Megascolecidae; Lumbricus]	SHRs	8 Weeks	25,000	16S rDAN	① Decrease SBP, DBP, mean arterial pressure, and pressure pulse	① Decrease the F/B ratio	Liu et al. (2019a)
			SHRs	8 Weeks	25,000	16S rDAN		② Increase the diversity of intestinal flora	Liu et al. (2019a)
			Hypertensive patients	8 Weeks	Unreported	16S rDAN	① Lower BP	① Decrease the F/B ratio	Zhang. (2021)
			Hypertensive patients	8 Weeks	Unreported	16S rDAN	② Reduce clinical efficiency and TCM syndrome score	② Increase the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora	Zhang. (2021)
16	Chai-Gui Decoction	Bupleurum chinense DC. [Apiaceae; bupleuri radix], Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi [Lamiaceae; scutellariae radix], Zingiber officinale Roscoe [Zingiberaceae; zingiberis rhizoma recens], Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino [Araceae; pinelliae rhizoma], Glehnia littoralis (A.Gray) F.Schmidt ex Miq. [Apiaceae, glehniae radix], Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels [Apiaceae; angelicae sinensis radix], Conioselinum anthriscoides ‘Chuanxiong’ [Apiaceae; chuanxiong rhizoma], Paeonia lactiflora Pall. [Paeoniaceae; paeoniae radix alba], Wolfiporia cocos (Schw.) Ryv. and Cilbn. [Polyporaceae; poria], Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. [Asteraceae; atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma], Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. Orientale (Sam.) Sam. [Alismataceae; alismatis rhizoma]	SHRs	4 Weeks	3,000, 5,000, 15,000	16S rRAN	① Lower BP and reduce the aortic wall thickness in SHR rats	① Increase the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora	Zhu et al. (2023)
							② Increase the percentage of angiotensin 1–7 (Ang 1–7), decrease the percentage of	② Decrease the F/B ratio
							Ang II, and decrease the Ang II/Ang 1of ib_zh
17	Qingxuan granules	Astragalus mongholicus Bunge [Fabaceae; astragali radix praeparata cum mell], Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm. [Lauraceae; cinnamomi cortex], Gastrodia elata Blume [Orchidaceae; gastrodiae rhizoma], Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi [Piperaceae; piperis kadsurae caulis], Conioselinum anthriscoides ‘Chuanxiong’ [Apiaceae; chuanxiong rhizoma], Wolfiporia cocos (Schw.) Ryv. and Cilbn. [Polyporaceae; poria], Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. [Asteraceae; atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma], Rhodiola crenulata (Hook.f. and Thomson) H.Ohba [Crassulaceae; rhodiolae crenulatae radix et rhizoma], Ziziphus jujuba Mill. [Rhamnaceae; jujubae fructus]	Hypertensive patients	8 Weeks	Unreported	16S rRAN	① Decrease BP	① Decrease the F/B ratio	Mei. (2022)
							② Reduce clinical efficiency and TCM syndrome score	② Increase the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora
							③ Reduce the levels of TC and LDL-C
18	Xianxiong Chengqi decoction	Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. [Cucurbitaceae; trichosanthis fructus], Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino [Araceae; pinelliae rhizoma], Rheum tanguticum (Maxim. ex Regel) Balf. [Polygonaceae; rhei radix et rhizoma], Potassium nitrate J.R. Glauber [Potassium salts; natrii sulfas], Citrus tassium nitrate[Rutaceae; aurantii fructus immaturus], Coptis chinensis Franch. [Ranunculaceae; coptidis rhizoma]	Hypertensive patients	4 Weeks	Unreported	16S rDAN	① Lower BP	① Decrease the F/B ratio	Zhang. (2022)
18	Xianxiong Chengqi decoction		Hypertensive patients	4 Weeks	Unreported	16S rDAN	② Improve clinical efficiency and TCM syndrome	② Increase the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora	Zhang. (2022)

TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SHRs, spontaneously hypertensive rats; hs-CRP, hypersensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; F/B Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes; Ang II, angiotensin II; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.