Table 2.

Models of associations between prenatal maternal stress, parenting behaviours at age 5, and their interactions, and symptoms of internalizing disorders at age 8 (N = 15,963)

	Symptoms of Depression		Symptoms of Anxiety
	b (SE)	β (95% CI)	b (SE)	β (95% CI)
Individual models
Prenatal maternal stress (unadjusted)	21.039 (1.318)***	.291 (.268, .31416)	6.104 (.505)***	.166 (.144, .189)
Prenatal maternal stress (adjusted)	20.383 (1.344)***	.301 (.276, .327)	6.147 (0.514)***	.179 (.154, .203)
Positive parenting model
Prenatal maternal stress	38.760 (11.064)***	.576 (.260, .891)	10.687 (4.234)*	.313 (.073, .553)
Positive parenting	−.421 (.044)***	−.077 (−.092, −.061)	−.078 (.022)***	−.028 (−.044, −.012)
Prenatal maternal stress × Positive parenting	−4.073 (2.389)	−.026 (−.056, .004)	−1.009 (.918)	−.013 (−.036, .010)
Inconsistent discipline model
Prenatal maternal stress	5.463 (3.593)	.080 (−.024, .192)	3.741 (1.486)*	.108 (.024, .192)
Inconsistent discipline	.366 (.030)***	.094 (.078, .109)	.048 (.016)**	.024 (.009, .040)
Prenatal maternal stress × Inconsistent discipline	7.099 (1.878) ***	.064 (.032, .095)	1.094 (.693)	.019 (−.005, .043)
Positive parental involvement model
Prenatal maternal stress	40.511 (11.218)***	.600 (.282, .919)	10.865 (4.913)*	.317 (.039, .594)
Positive parental involvement	−.476 (.051)***	−.072 (−.088, −.057)	−.110 (.026)***	−.033 (−.048, −.018)
Prenatal maternal stress × Positive parental involvement	−4.593 (2.486)	−.025 (−.051, .001)	−1.078 (1.103)	−.011 (−.034, .011)

Note.

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001.

Significant moderation effects also bolded. b = unstandardized regression coefficient, SE = standard error, β = standardized regression coefficient, CI = confidence interval. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were included together in models. Models were adjusted for the following covariates: maternal education, paternal education, maternal alcohol use, maternal smoking, parity, and sex.