Table 3.
Models of associations between prenatal maternal stress, parenting behaviours at age 5, and their interactions, and symptoms of externalizing disorders at age 8 (males, n = 8,083)
| Symptoms of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | Symptoms of Conduct Disorder | Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b (SE) | β (95% CI) | b (SE) | β (95% CI) | b (SE) | β (95% CI) | |
| Individual models | ||||||
| Prenatal maternal stress (unadjusted, full sample) | 47.336 (3.143)*** | .234 (.211, .256) | 5.305 (.536)*** | .125 (.102, .148) | 17.438 (1.296)*** | .192 (.170, .214) |
| Prenatal maternal stress (adjusted, full sample) | 44.776 (3.207)*** | .234 (.208, .259) | 5.075 (.564)*** | .126 (.101, .152) | 17.385 (1.335)*** | .202 (.177, .227) |
| Prenatal maternal stress (unadjusted, males) | 48.375 (3.561)*** | .231 (.202, .259) | 6.713 (.738)*** | .141 (.112, .170) | 17.686 (1.490)*** | .195 (.167, .223) |
| Prenatal maternal stress (adjusted, males) | 45.560 (3.647)*** | .229 (.198, .260) | 6.454 (.774)*** | .143 (.111, .175) | 17.881 (1.554)*** | .208 (.176, .240) |
| Positive parenting model | ||||||
| Prenatal maternal stress | 52.511 (35.388) | .266 (−.084, .617) | 22.416 (8.555)** | .501 (.127, .875) | 30.369 (13.993)* | .356 (.035, .677) |
| Positive parenting | −1.409 (.193)*** | −.083 (−.105, −.060) | −.422 (.044)*** | −.109 (−.131, −.087) | −.758 (.081)*** | −.103 (−.124, −.081) |
| Prenatal maternal stress × Positive parenting | −1.602 (7.785) | −.004 (−.037, .030) | −3.500 (1.831) | −.034 (−.069, .001) | −2.814 (3.081) | −.014 (−.045, .017) |
| Inconsistent discipline model | ||||||
| Prenatal maternal stress | 22.649 (12.397) | .114 (−.009, .236) | −1.535 (2.570) | −.034 (−.145, .077) | 1.643 (5.160) | .019 (−.099, .137) |
| Inconsistent discipline | 1.606 (.136)*** | .132 (.110, .154) | .353 (.030)*** | .128 (.107, .148) | .898 (.059)*** | .171 (.149, .192) |
| Prenatal maternal stress × Inconsistent discipline | 10.222 (5.931) | .032 (−.004, .067) | 3.763 (1.367) ** | .051 (.016, .087) | 7.345 (2.644) ** | .053 (.017, .088) |
| Positive parental involvement model | ||||||
| Prenatal maternal stress | 103.318 (47.399)* | .521 (.059, .982) | 20.670 (11.221) | .459 (−.029, .947) | 24.603 (17.277) | .286 (−.107, .680) |
| Positive parental involvement | −2.649 (.236)*** | −.129 (−.152, −.107) | −.626 (.236)*** | −.135 (−.157, −.113) | −1.118 (.099)*** | −.126 (−.148, −.104) |
| Prenatal maternal stress × Positive parental involvement | −13.240 (10.509) | −.024 (−.062, .013) | −3.248 (2.469) | −.024 (−.062, .013) | −1.556 (3.902) | −.007 (−.039, .026) |
Note.
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01,
***
p < .001.
Significant moderation effects also bolded. b = unstandardized regression coefficient, SE = standard error, β = standardized regression coefficient, CI = confidence interval. Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder were included together in models. Models were adjusted for the following covariates: maternal education, paternal education, maternal alcohol use, maternal smoking, and parity.