Table 4.
Models of associations between prenatal maternal stress, parenting behaviours at age 5, and their interactions, and symptoms of externalizing disorders at age 8 (females, n = 7,754)
| Symptoms of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | Symptoms of Conduct Disorder | Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b (SE) | β (95% CI) | b (SE) | β (95% CI) | b (SE) | β (95% CI) | |
| Individual models | ||||||
| Prenatal maternal stress (unadjusted, full sample) | 47.336 (3.143)*** | .234 (.211, .256) | 5.305 (.536)*** | .125 (.102, .148) | 17.438 (1.296)*** | .192 (.170, .214) |
| Prenatal maternal stress (adjusted, full sample) | 44.776 (3.207)*** | .234 (.208, .259) | 5.075 (.564)*** | .126 (.101, .152) | 17.385 (1.335)*** | .202 (.177, .227) |
| Prenatal maternal stress (unadjusted) | 45.903 (3.542)*** | .248 (.218, .278) | 3.601 (.539)*** | .109 (.078, .141) | 16.938 (1.608)*** | .188 (.158, .219) |
| Prenatal maternal stress (adjusted) | 43.636 (3.603)*** | .250 (.217, .284) | 3.400 (.561)*** | .110 (.075, .144) | 16.618 (1.655)*** | .196 (.162, .230) |
| Positive parenting model | ||||||
| Prenatal maternal stress | 35.582 (37.712) | .208 (−.224, .641) | 15.907 (9.677) | .522 (−.099, 1.144) | 20.288 (15.924) | .244 (−.133, .621) |
| Positive parenting | −1.328 (.159)*** | −.094 (−.116, −.072) | −.251 (.030)*** | −.100 (−.122, −.078) | −.794 (.077)*** | −.116 (−.138, −.094) |
| Prenatal maternal stress × Positive parenting | 1.569 (8.263) | .004 (−.037, .045) | −2.689 (2.005) | −.038 (−.094, .018) | −.815 (3.485) | −.046 (−.040, .031) |
| Inconsistent discipline model | ||||||
| Prenatal maternal stress | 23.474 (13.426) | .134 (−.017, .285) | −2.099 (3.017) | −.067 (−.255, .121) | 4.769 (6.084) | .056 (−.084, .196) |
| Inconsistent discipline | 1.292 (.116)*** | .128 (.106, .151) | .188 (.020)*** | .105 (.083, .126) | .860 (.056)*** | .176 (.154, .199) |
| Prenatal maternal stress × Inconsistent discipline | 8.329 (6.518) | .029 (−.015, .073) | 2.611 (1.694) | .051 (−.013, .115) | 4.910 (2.968) | .035 (−.006, .077) |
| Positive parental involvement model | ||||||
| Prenatal maternal stress | 157.264 (44.195)*** | .910 (.412, 1.407) | 16.018 (13.459) | .523 (−.343, 1.388) | 33.560 (19.281) | .400 (−.055, .854) |
| Positive parental involvement | −2.110 (.183)*** | −.125 (−.146, −.104) | −.336 (.033)*** | −.112 (−.133, −.091) | −1.085 (.091)*** | −.132 (−.154, −.110) |
| Prenatal maternal stress × Positive parental involvement | −25.909 (9.695)** | −.054 (−.094, −.014) | −2.841 (2.889) | −.034 (−.101, .034) | −3.919 (4.295) | −.017 (−.053, .020) |
Note.
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01,
***
p < .001.
Significant moderation effects also bolded. b = unstandardized regression coefficient, SE = standard error, β = standardized regression coefficient, CI = confidence interval. Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder were included together in models. Models were adjusted for the following covariates: maternal education, paternal education, maternal alcohol use, maternal smoking, and parity.