TABLE 1.
Demographic, DAT SPECT, and clinical characteristics of included participants at baseline.
| Variables | PD (N = 352) | HCs (N = 167) | p Values |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| Mean ± SD | 62.03 ± 9.48 | 61.59 ± 11.03 | 0.963 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (34, 85) | (31, 84) | |
| Sex (n, %) | |||
| Male | 231 (65.6%) | 106 (63.5%) | 0.703 |
| Female | 121 (34.4%) | 61 (36.5%) | |
| Education years | |||
| Mean ± SD | 15.55 ± 2.93 | 16.12 ± 2.86 | 0.047 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (5, 26) | (8, 24) | |
| MDS‐UPDRS total score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 31.95 ± 12.82 | 4.65 ± 4.30 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (7, 72) | (0, 20) | |
| MDS‐UPDRS I score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 5.54 ± 4.04 | 2.86 ± 2.62 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (0, 24) | (0, 12) | |
| MDS‐UPDRS II score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 5.86 ± 4.15 | 0.46 ± 1.05 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (0, 20) | (0, 6) | |
| MDS‐UPDRS III score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 20.56 ± 8.61 | 1.33 ± 2.32 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (4, 51) | (0, 13) | |
| MDS‐UPDRS tremor score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 4.31 ± 3.13 | 0.32 ± 0.89 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (0, 18) | (0, 7) | |
| MDS‐UPDRS rigidity score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 3.74 ± 2.56 | 0.25 ± 0.69 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (0, 13) | (0, 4) | |
| MDS‐UPDRS PIGD score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 1.15 ± 1.11 | 0.10 ± 0.46 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (0, 7) | (0, 4) | |
| MDS‐UPDRS axial score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 2.52 ± 1.71 | 0.22 ± 0.55 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (0, 8) | (0, 3) | |
| UPSIT score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 22.15 ± 8.16 | 33.87 ± 5.07 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (1, 40) | (11, 40) | |
| UPSIT categories | |||
| Normosmia (n, %) | 30 (8.5%) | 105 (62.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hyposmia (n, %) | 199 (56.5%) | 57 (34.1%) | |
| Anosmia (n, %) | 123 (34.9%) | 5 (3.0%) | |
| ESS score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 5.76 ± 3.45 | 5.59 ± 3.24 | 0.704 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (0, 20) | (0, 15) | |
| ESS categories | |||
| Not EDS, ESS < 10 (n, %) | 300 (85.2%) | 148 (88.6%) | 0.360 |
| EDS, ESS ≥10 (n, %) | 52 (14.8%) | 19 (11.4%) | |
| GDS score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 2.30 ± 2.45 | 1.20 ± 1.85 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (0, 14) | (0, 14) | |
| GDS categories | |||
| Not depressed, GDS < 5 (n, %) | 305 (86.6%) | 158 (94.6%) | 0.010 |
| Depressed, GDS ≥ 5 (n, %) | 47 (13.4%) | 9 (5.4%) | |
| RBDSQ score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 4.09 ± 2.68 | 2.90 ± 2.31 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (0, 12) | (0, 11) | |
| RBD categories | |||
| No RBD, RBDSQ <6 (n, %) | 218 (61.9%) | 130 (77.8%) | <0.001 |
| RBD, RBDSQ ≥6 (n, %) | 134 (38.1%) | 37 (22.2%) | |
| SCOPA‐AUT score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 9.56 ± 6.18 | 5.75 ± 3.57 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (0, 39) | (0, 19) | |
| STAI score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 65.03 ± 18.56 | 56.04 ± 12.61 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (40, 137) | (40, 96) | |
| MoCA score | |||
| Mean ± SD | 27.15 ± 2.27 | 28.22 ± 1.11 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (17, 30) | (26, 30) | |
| Mean caudate (SBR) | |||
| Mean ± SD | 2.03 ± 0.55 | 2.99 ± 0.64 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (0.5, 4) | (1.3, 5) | |
| Mean putamen (SBR) | |||
| Mean ± SD | 0.84 ± 0.30 | 2.15 ± 0.56 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (0.3, 2) | (0.6, 4) | |
| Mean striatum (SBR) | |||
| Mean ± SD | 1.43 ± 0.40 | 2.57 ± 0.58 | <0.001 |
| (Minimum, maximum) | (0.4, 3) | (1.0, 4) | |
Note: Significance at p‐value <0.05 were reported in bold. Except for UPSIT, SCOPA‐AUT, and MoCA, for which lower baseline scores indicate deterioration of respective functions, for all remaining non‐motor symptoms, higher baseline scores indicate deterioration of respective functions. The t‐test or chi‐square test assessed differences between normally distributed group values. Nonparametric data were compared using the Wilcoxon rank‐sum test. Three or more groups were compared using Kruskal–Wallis tests.
Abbreviations: DAT, dopamine transporter; EDS, excessive daytime sleepiness; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale Score; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale Score; HCs, health controls; MDS‐UPDRS, Movement Disorder Society‐Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (adjusted for education); PD, Parkinson's disease; PIGD, postural instability and gait difficulty; RBD, rapid‐eye‐movement sleep behavior disorder; RBDSQ, rapid eye movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire; SCOPA‐AUT, Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's disease ‐ Autonomic; SD, standard deviation; SBR, striatal binding ratio; SPECT, single‐photon emission computed tomography; STAI, State–Trait Anxiety Inventory; UPSIT, University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test.