Figure 3.

An overview of sources, isolation, boosting approach, and the application of EVs. A) EVs can be secreted by various cells with different biological functions. B) The methods of isolating EVs, including density‐gradient centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, size‐exclusion chromatography, precipitation, microfluidics, and immune‐affinity capture. C) The methods for boosting EV secretion, including physical signals, molecular interference, environmental factors and external inducers. D) The application of EVs as biomarkers or nanocarriers for disease diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment.