Table 2.

The application of EVs as delivery systems

Sources of EVs	Types of drug	Recipient cells	Routes of administration	Mechanisms of action	Refs.
HEK293T cells	Doxorubicin	Thyroid cancer cells	Tail vein injection	Dox and I131 target to tumor via integrin αvβ3	[67]
Blood	Dox and miR‐21i	Glioblastoma	Tail vein injection	Dox and miR‐21i target to tumor via superparamagnetic nanoparticle cluster	[68]
Blood	cPLA2 and siRNA	Glioblastoma	Intravenously administered	cPLA2 knockdown and metformin treatment	[69]
HEK293T cells	Doxorubicin	Glioblastoma	Tail vein injection	Dox target tumor via angiopep‐2 and trans‐activator	[70]
Macrophage cells	Curcumin and albumin	Inflammatory cells	Apply with fingers for ten minutes	Downregulate NF‐κβ and target via albumin	[71]
MSCs	siRNA	Brain cells	Tail vein injection	siRNA silencing Htt gene of brain via G58 peptide	[72]
HEK293T cells	siRNA and cholesterol	Brain cells	−	−	[73]
Chondrocytes	miRNA‐140	Osteoarthritis cells	Injected intraarticularly	miRNA‐140 target chondrocytes via CAP	[74]
Tendon stem cells	miRNA‐144‐3p	Tenocytes	Tendon injection	miRNA‐144‐3p download ARID1A	[75]
HEK293T cells	miRNA‐124	NK cells	−	Inhibit M2 microglial polarization	[76]
HCT‐116 cells	5‐Fu and miRNA‐21i	Colorectal cancer cells	Tail vein injection	miR‐21i increase the sensitivity of 5‐FU by rescuing the expression of hMSH2 and PTEN	[77]
HepG2 cells	ASOs G3139	Bcl‐2	−	Increase the delivery of G3139 with downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl‐2	[78]
HEK 293 cells	GFP	Target receptor cells	−	−	[79]
LX‐2 cells	Cas9 RNP	p53	Tail vein injection	Target p53 to upregulate PUMA, CcnE1, and KAT5	[80]
Murine C2C12 cells	Morpholino oligomers	Muscle	Tail vein injection	Target muscle via CP05 increasing dystrophin protein	[66]
HeLa cells	CRISPR/Cas9	HBV	−	CRISPR/Cas9 cut HBV DNA or HPV DNA specifically	[81]
KPC689 cells	CRISPR/Cas9	Pancreatic cancer cells	Tail vein injection	CRISPR/Cas9 target the mutant KrasG12D oncogenic allele	[82]