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. 2023 May 31;10:1192131. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1192131

Table 1.

Flavonoids.

Type Flavonoids Structure Mechanism Reference
Flavonols Quercetin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0001.jpg Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protection, anti-oxidation, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. (105)
Rutin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0002.jpg Anti-oxidation, antidiabetic, vasoprotective, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. (106–108)
Kaempferol graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0003.jpg Anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-aging effects. (11, 109, 110)
Isorhamnetin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0004.jpg Organ protection, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protection, prevention of obesity, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. (111)
Fisetin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0005.jpg Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and protective effects against myocardial and kidney injury. (89)
Flavanones Hesperidin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0006.jpg Anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and cardiovascular protective effects. (112)
Naringin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0007.jpg Anti-oxidation, antiadiposity, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiatherogenic and anti-osteoporotic effects. (113, 114)
Naringenin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0008.jpg Lipid lowering and insulin-like effects (15)
Flavanonols Silymarin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0009.jpg Anti-oxidation, decreasing insulin resistance, cardioprotection, neuroprotection, regulating blood pressure and lipid profile, protecting the pancreas, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. (115–117)
Anthocyanins Anthocyanin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0010.jpg Anti-oxidation,cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, antiobesity, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. (118, 119)
Flavones Baicalin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0011.jpg Cardiovascular, hepatic and renal protective, anti-oxidative, anti-infammatory effects. (120)
Apigenin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0012.jpg Antimutation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, and anticancer effects (20)
Luteolin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0013.jpg Regulation of glycolipid metabolism, anti-oxidation, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects. (35, 121)
Scutellarin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0014.jpg Anti-insulin resistance, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and lipid-lowering effects. (18)
Myricetin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0015.jpg Anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-obesity effects (122)
Isoflavones Puerarin graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0016.jpg Decreasing blood glucose levels, improving insulin resistance, protecting islets, cardio-protective, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. (123)
Biochanin A graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0017.jpg Anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects (25)
Flavan-3-ol (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) graphic file with name fnut-10-1192131-igr0018.jpg Anti-insulin resistance, anti-obesity and antioxidant effects. (13)