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. 2023 Jun 14;43(9):1637–1649. doi: 10.1007/s00296-023-05344-z

Table 3.

Multiple scenarios of binomial regression analysis of fatigue, clustered by country of origin and adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity

Covariates
Groups Age Male Ethnicity k
IIMs SAIDs HCs White Asian Hispanic Others
All Coefficient Ref. –0.05 –0.47 0.00 –0.17 Ref. –0.22 –0.08 –0.03 1.66
95% CI –0.11 to 0.01 –0.52 to –0.41 0.00 to 0.00 –0.21 to –0.13 –0.30 to –0.14 –0.13 to –0.03 –0.10 to 0.05 1.56 to 1.76
P 0.082  < 0.001 0.604  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.003 0.478  < 0.001
Based on physician assessment

Active

 + 

HC

Coefficient Ref. –0.01 –0.55 0.00 –0.21 Ref. –0.19 –0.09 –0.05 1.78
95% CI –0.10 to 0.08 –0.63 to –0.48 0.00 to 0.00 –0.25 to –0.16 –0.28 to –0.10 –0.15 to –0.03 –0.14 to 0.04 1.66 to 1.90
P 0.810  < 0.001 0.441  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.005 0.279  < 0.001

Inactive

 + 

HC

Coefficient Ref. –0.06 –0.44 0.00 –0.17 Ref. –0.22 –0.07 –0.02 1.63
95% CI –0.12 to 0.00 –0.50 to –0.38 0.00 to 0.00 –0.21 to –0.12 –0.30 to –0.13 –0.13 to –0.02 –0.11 to 0.08 1.50 to 1.75
P 0.054  < 0.001 0.806  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.010 0.723  < 0.001
Based on patient assessment

Active

 + 

HC

Coefficient Ref. –0.02 –0.51 0.00 –0.17 Ref. –0.22 –0.08 –0.02 1.72
95% CI –0.08 to 0.04 –0.57 to –0.45 0.00 to 0.00 –0.21 to –0.12 –0.30 to –0.15 –0.13 to –0.03 –0.10 to 0.06 1.63 to 1.81
P 0.484  < 0.001 0.336  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.002 0.543  < 0.001

Inactive

 + 

HC

Coefficient Ref. –0.08 –0.36 0.00 –0.21 Ref. –0.18 –0.07 –0.03 1.56
95% CI –0.16 to –0.01 –0.43 to –0.28 0.00 to 0.00 –0.25 to –0.17 –0.28 to –0.09 –0.13 to 0.00 –0.12 to 0.06 1.42 to 1.71
P 0.030  < 0.001 0.600  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.037 0.539  < 0.001
Based on glucocorticoid dose

Active

 + 

HC

Coefficient Ref. –0.04 –0.52 0.00 –0.19 Ref. –0.21 –0.08 –0.03 1.73
95% CI –0.11 to 0.03 –0.59 to –0.46 0.00 to 0.00 –0.23 to –0.15 –0.30 to –0.12 –0.14 to –0.02 –0.13 to 0.06 1.61 to 1.85
P 0.238  < 0.001 0.602  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.015 0.475  < 0.001

Inactive

 + 

HC

Coefficient Ref. –0.04 –0.43 0.00 –0.18 Ref. –0.21 –0.09 –0.03 1.63
95% CI –0.11 to 0.03 –0.50 to –0.36 0.00 to 0.00 –0.23 to –0.14 –0.30 to –0.11 –0.14 to –0.03 –0.11 to 0.05 1.51 to 1.76
P 0.279  < 0.001 0.540  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.002 0.418  < 0.001

General

health

Poor Coefficient Ref. 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ref. –0.09 0.00 –0.03 1.88
95% CI 0.01 to 0.12 –0.11 to 0.11 0.00 to 0.00 –0.05 to 0.04 –0.19 to 0.01 –0.07 to 0.07 –0.18 to 0.11 1.75 to 2.01
P 0.014 0.957 0.422 0.879 0.089 0.996 0.648  < 0.001
Fair Coefficient Ref. –0.02 –0.29 0.00 –0.07 Ref. –0.17 –0.15 –0.01 1.96
95% CI –0.07 to 0.03 –0.40 to –0.17 0.00 to 0.00 –0.15 to –0.01 –0.26 to –0.08 –0.20 to –0.10 –0.07 to 0.05 1.87 to 2.05
P 0.412  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.076  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.778  < 0.001
Good Coefficient Ref. –0.02 –0.22 0.00 –0.14 Ref. –0.24 –0.03 –0.04 1.72
95% CI –0.09 to 0.06 –0.28 to –0.15 –0.01 to 0.00 –0.19 to –0.10 –0.33 to –0.14 –0.07 to 0.00 –0.13 to 0.04 1.58 to 1.85
P 0.679  < 0.001 0.004  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.070 0.290  < 0.001

Very

good

Coefficient Ref. –0.16 –0.28 0.00 –0.23 Ref. –0.23 –0.07 –0.18 1.49
95% CI –0.40 to 0.07 –0.45 to –0.10 –0.01 to 0.00 –0.33 to –0.14 –0.37 to –0.09 –0.14 to –0.01 –0.29 to –0.06 1.24 to 1.74
P 0.177 0.002 0.010  < 0.001 0.001 0.018 0.003  < 0.001
Excellent Coefficient Ref. –0.52 –0.43 –0.01 –0.03 Ref –0.28 –0.06 0.07 1.46
95% CI –1.00 to –0.04 –0.91 to 0.06 –0.02 to 0.00 –0.21 to 0.15 –0.52 to –0.04 –0.25 to 0.13 –0.40 to 0.54 0.63 to 2.29
P 0.034 0.087 0.162 0.719 0.020 0.517 0.765 0.001

Routine

activities

Not at all Coefficient Ref. 0.09 –0.04 0.00 –0.05 Ref. –0.72 –0.41 –0.66 1.61
95% CI –0.11 to 0.30 –0.33 to 0.24 0.00 to 0.01 –0.30 to 0.19 –1.10 to –0.34 –0.95 to 0.14 –1.18 to –0.15 1.09 to 2.12
P 0.366 0.761 0.340 0.670  < 0.001 0.141 0.012  < 0.001
A little Coefficient Ref. 0.02 –0.24 0.00 –0.12 Ref. –0.31 –0.28 –0.01 2.01
95% CI –0.05 to 0.09 –0.39 to –0.08 0.00 to 0.00 –0.24 to 0.01 –0.45 to –0.16 –0.40 to –0.15 –0.08 to 0.06 1.87 to 2.14
P 0.527 0.003 0.085 0.068  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.754  < 0.001
Moderately Coefficient Ref. 0.07 –0.14 0.00 –0.09 Ref –0.23 0.01 –0.05 1.88
95% CI –0.01 to 0.16 –0.22 to –0.06 –0.01 to 0.00 –0.16 to –0.01 –0.30 to –0.15 –0.07 to 0.10 –0.14 to 0.05 1.78 to 1.99
P 0.095 0.001 0.026 0.030  < 0.001 0.759 0.335  < 0.001
Mostly Coefficient Ref. 0.02 –0.19 –0.01 –0.14 Ref. –0.21 –0.01 –0.10 1.84
95% CI –0.07 to 0.12 –0.30 to –0.08 –0.01 to 0.00 –0.19 to –0.10 –0.29 to –0.12 –0.07 to 0.05 –0.20 to 0.01 1.68 to 2.00
P 0.625 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.684 0.067  < 0.001
Completely Coefficient Ref. –0.04 –0.27 0.00 –0.18 Ref. –0.27 –0.02 –0.03 1.47
95% CI –0.15 to 0.07 –0.38 to –0.16 –0.01 to 0.00 –0.23 to –0.13 –0.41 to 0.13 –0.08 to 0.05 –0.15 to 0.09 1.27 to 1.67
P 0.486  < 0.001 0.010  < 0.001  < 0.001 0.598 0.612  < 0.001

SAIDs systemic autoimmune diseases, CI confidence interval, HCs healthy controls, IIMs idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, k constant, Ref reference