Figure 4.

A framework for using trained immunity-based vaccines in future pandemics

(A) Development of improved vaccines with trained immunity-inducing capacity for pandemic preparedness.

(B) Rapid phase III trials using vaccines with trained immunity-inducing capacity in the beginning of a pandemic with a new pathogen will identify those that can partially protect against infections and/or severity. Such vaccines can be quickly used to diminish the impact of the new pathogen, in parallel with the design, testing, manufacturing, and distribution of specific vaccines that will induce higher levels of protection.