Table 3.
Colonization of ‘filth flies’ with antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in LMIC. LMIC Low- and middle-income countries
| Bacterial species | Country | Year | Colonization rate in flies, % (n of isolates/n of flies) | Setting | Fly species (n) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ESBL-E. coli | China | 2011 | 3% (37/1228)a | Airport | Chrysomya megacephala (276), Aldrichina graham (247) and others (705) | [151] |
| Ethiopia | 2019 | 6% (5/85) | Hospital, butchery | Not specified (85) | [111] | |
| Nigeria | 2017 | 0.8% (16/2000) | Urban, semi-urban and rural | Not specified (2000) | [107] | |
| Thailand | Before 2021 | 55.7% (334/600) | Urban and rural | Chrysomya megacephala (600) | [110] | |
| Thailand | 2013–2015 | 22.6% (53/235) | Urban and rural | houseflies (177), blowflies (32), flesh flies (8), not identified (18) | [109] | |
| India | Before 2022 | 11% (17/150) | Milk and meat shops | Musca domestica (150) | [108] | |
| Thailand | 2018 | 100% (25/25) | Markets | Not specified (25) | [152] | |
| Zambia | 2015 | 13.4% (56/418) | Food market | House flies (418) | [153] | |
| Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | Bangladesh | 2017–2018 | 25.3% (101/400) | Hospital | House flies (400) | [154] |
| Botwana | 2018–2019 | 1% (10/970) | Hospital | House flies (970) | [155] | |
| Libya | Before 2015 | 1.3% (2/150) | Urban | Musca domestica (150) | [156] | |
| Nigeria | 2017 | 0.2% (4/2000) | Urban, semi-urban and rural | Not specified (2000) | [106] |