Table 3.
Gait sequence detection (GSD) performance measures; gait sequence total duration obtained from the INDIP and the single wearable device, absolute error, bias and limits of agreement (LoA) and intra class correlation (ICC(2,1)) for comparison between systems, and overall performance index for the GSD algorithms. Values are expressed as mean and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each cohort. In italic and boldface recommended algorithms. Underlined performance index indicates top-ranked algorithm for the specific cohort of that row
| Cohort | Gait sequence detection | Gait sequence total duration | Performance index | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity | Positive predictive value | Accuracy | Specificity | INDIP mean and CI [s] | Single wearable device mean and CI [s] | Bias and LoA [s] | Absolute error [s] | ICC (2,1) | ||
| GSDA | ||||||||||
| HA | 0.84 [0.77, 0.92] | 0.81 [0.75, 0.88] | 0.94 [0.93, 0.96] | 0.96 [0.95, 0.97] | 1640.0 [1273.4, 2006.6] | 1708.5 [1316.3, 2100.7] | 68.5 [− 710.6, 847.5] | 215.7 [57.7, 373.7] | 0.88 [0.73, 0.95] | 0.819 |
| CHF | 0.85 [0.68, 1.01] | 0.81 [0.72, 0.90] | 0.95 [0.92, 0.98] | 0.96 [0.94, 0.99] | 1545.4 [421.1, 2669.6] | 1595.4 [395.2, 2795.6] | 50.0 [− 689.5, 789.5] | 242.0 [39.6, 444.4] | 0.98 [0.91, 0.99] | 0.853 |
| COPD | 0.85 [0.81, 0.88] | 0.75 [0.68, 0.82] | 0.95 [0.93, 0.97] | 0.96 [0.95, 0.98] | 1004.8 [829.2, 1180.4] | 1151.6 [955.7, 1347.6] | 146.8 [− 369.1, 662.8] | 176.5 [51.5, 301.5] | 0.68 [0.32, 0.87] | 0.822 |
| MS | 0.92 [0.87, 0.97] | 0.75 [0.66, 0.84] | 0.95 [0.92, 0.98] | 0.95 [0.92, 0.98] | 1119.5 [736.9, 1502.2] | 1452.0 [990.4, 1913.6] | 332.5 [− 883.9, 1548.8] | 358.5 [57.7, 659.4] | 0.68 [0.34, 0.87] | 0.735 |
| PD | 0.86 [0.78, 0.94] | 0.81 [0.71, 0.91] | 0.96 [0.95, 0.98] | 0.97 [0.96, 0.99] | 1121.8 [626.5, 1617.1] | 1177.3 [656.2, 1698.5] | 55.6 [− 402.4, 513.6] | 139.1 [45.8, 232.4] | 0.98 [0.94, 0.99] | 0.852 |
| PFF | 0.71 [0.54, 0.89] | 0.74 [0.61, 0.88] | 0.95 [0.92, 0.97] | 0.97 [0.96, 0.99] | 954.4 [599.5, 1309.4] | 975.7 [589.8, 1361.6] | 21.3 [− 365.3, 407.9] | 144.4 [72.1, 216.7] | 0.96 [0.89, 0.99] | 0.770 |
| GSDB | ||||||||||
| HA | 0.86 [0.82, 0.90] | 0.85 [0.79, 0.92] | 0.95 [0.94, 0.96] | 0.97 [0.96, 0.98] | 1645.8 [1258.1, 2033.5] | 1657.4 [1283.5, 2031.3] | 11.6 [− 592.4, 615.6] | 170.5 [48.1, 292.8] | 0.93 [0.83, 0.97] | 0.727 |
| CHF | 0.91 [0.88, 0.94] | 0.82 [0.71, 0.92] | 0.96 [0.94, 0.98] | 0.96 [0.94, 0.99] | 1545.4 [421.1, 2669.6] | 1689.6 [557.8, 2821.5] | 144.3 [− 331.8, 620.4] | 176.1 [19.8, 332.3] | 0.99 [0.95, 1.00] | 0.792 |
| COPD | 0.84 [0.81, 0.88] | 0.80 [0.77, 0.82] | 0.96 [0.95, 0.97] | 0.97 [0.97, 0.98] | 1004.8 [829.2, 1180.4] | 1058.4 [865.5, 1251.4] | 53.6 [− 120.3, 227.6] | 71.9 [34.0, 109.8] | 0.96 [0.90, 0.99] | 0.814 |
| MS | 0.91 [0.87, 0.95] | 0.75 [0.65, 0.85] | 0.95 [0.92, 0.98] | 0.95 [0.92, 0.98] | 1119.5 [736.9, 1502.2] | 1416.3 [947.8, 1884.8] | 296.8 [− 911.6, 1505.2] | 323.1 [23.5, 622.6] | 0.70 [0.38, 0.88] | 0.655 |
| PD | 0.84 [0.76, 0.92] | 0.83 [0.73, 0.93] | 0.96 [0.95, 0.97] | 0.98 [0.96, 0.99] | 1121.8 [626.5, 1617.1] | 1145.9 [629.1, 1662.6] | 24.1 [− 450.9, 499.0] | 167.9 [85.1, 250.8] | 0.97 [0.94, 0.99] | 0.726 |
| PFF | 0.73 [0.60, 0.86] | 0.84 [0.76, 0.93] | 0.96 [0.95, 0.98] | 0.98 [0.97, 0.99] | 911.7 [569.4, 1254.0] | 861.1 [542.8, 1179.3] | − 50.7 [− 445.9, 344.6] | 141.4 [62.2, 220.6] | 0.95 [0.86, 0.98] | 0.771 |
| GSDC | ||||||||||
| HA | 0.77 [0.71, 0.83] | 0.91 [0.85, 0.98] | 0.95 [0.94, 0.96] | 0.99 [0.98, 1.00] | 1645.8 [1258.1, 2033.5] | 1409.3 [1034.8, 1783.7] | − 236.5 [− 848.7, 375.7] | 323.6 [220.1, 427.1] | 0.88 [0.73, 0.95] | 0.722 |
| CHF | 0.84 [0.79, 0.88] | 0.89 [0.82, 0.96] | 0.97 [0.95, 0.98] | 0.98 [0.97, 0.99] | 1545.4 [421.1, 2669.6] | 1466.6 [359.8, 2573.4] | − 78.7 [− 309.9, 152.4] | 113.1 [55.1, 171.1] | 1.00 [0.99, 1.00] | 0.811 |
| COPD | 0.73 [0.68, 0.78] | 0.89 [0.87, 0.91] | 0.96 [0.95, 0.97] | 0.99 [0.99, 0.99] | 1004.8 [829.2, 1180.4] | 825.2 [664.4, 986.1] | − 179.6 [− 420.7, 61.6] | 179.6 [116.3, 242.8] | 0.80 [0.53, 0.92] | 0.776 |
| MS | 0.83 [0.77, 0.90] | 0.83 [0.73, 0.93] | 0.96 [0.93, 0.98] | 0.97 [0.94, 1.00] | 1119.5 [736.9, 1502.2] | 1223.3 [794.0, 1652.5] | 103.8 [− 1100.0, 1307.5] | 246.9 [− 36.2, 530.0] | 0.72 [0.41, 0.89] | 0.693 |
| PD | 0.76 [0.65, 0.87] | 0.87 [0.76, 0.98] | 0.96 [0.95, 0.97] | 0.99 [0.98, 1.00] | 1121.8 [626.5, 1617.1] | 1000.4 [514.3, 1486.5] | − 121.4 [− 579.4, 336.5] | 192.3 [107.3, 277.3] | 0.97 [0.92, 0.99] | 0.726 |
| PFF | 0.60 [0.45, 0.75] | 0.89 [0.77, 1.01] | 0.94 [0.91, 0.97] | 0.99 [0.99, 1.00] | 954.4 [599.5, 1309.4] | 697.3 [439.9, 954.8] | − 257.1 [− 823.6, 309.4] | 272.4 [120.9, 423.9] | 0.78 [0.47, 0.92] | 0.687 |
HA healthy adults; PD Parkinson’s disease; MS multiple sclerosis; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF congestive heart failure; PFF proximal femoral fracture; CI confidence intervals, LoA limits of agreement, ICC intra class correlation