Table 5.
Cadence (CAD) estimation performance measures. Cadence obtained from the INDIP and the single wearable device, bias, limits of agreement (LoA) and intra class correlation (ICC(2,1)) for comparison between systems, and overall performance index for the CAD algorithms. In italic and boldface recommended algorithms. Underlined performance index indicates top-ranked algorithm for the specific cohort of that row
| Cohort | Cadence | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INDIP mean and CI [steps/min] | Single wearable device mean and CI [steps/min] | Bias and LoA [steps/min] | Absolute error [steps/min] | Relative error [%] | ICC (2, 1) | Performance index | |
| CADA | |||||||
| HA | 86.0 [85.1, 87.0] | 85.6 [84.4, 86.8] | − 0.4 [− 27.0, 26.2] | 8.6 [7.9, 9.3] | 10.5 [9.6, 11.5] | 0.65 [0.61, 0.69] | 0.538 |
| CHF | 91.2 [89.8, 92.5] | 89.8 [88.2, 91.5] | − 1.4 [− 30.7, 28.0] | 9.3 [8.2, 10.3] | 10.6 [9.5, 11.8] | 0.63 [0.57, 0.68] | 0.517 |
| COPD | 84.6 [83.7, 85.4] | 86.3 [85.2, 87.3] | 1.7 [− 17.5, 20.8] | 6.7 [6.2, 7.2] | 8.3 [7.6, 9.0] | 0.72 [0.68, 0.75] | 0.644 |
| MS | 84.6 [83.1, 86.1] | 85.7 [83.9, 87.5] | 1.1 [− 22.8, 25.0] | 8.2 [7.3, 9.2] | 10.1 [8.9, 11.3] | 0.71 [0.65, 0.75] | 0.594 |
| PD | 84.8 [83.4, 86.1] | 87.0 [85.4, 88.6] | 2.2 [− 24.9, 29.4] | 9.1 [8.1, 10.1] | 11.8 [10.4, 13.2] | 0.62 [0.56, 0.67] | 0.520 |
| PFF | 85.0 [83.4, 86.5] | 81.6 [79.9, 83.4] | − 3.3 [− 30.6, 23.9] | 8.9 [7.7, 10.0] | 10.4 [9.1, 11.7] | 0.60 [0.54, 0.67] | 0.529 |
| CADB | |||||||
| HA | 86.0 [85.1, 87.0] | 89.8 [88.9, 90.6] | 3.7 [− 16.3, 23.8] | 7.1 [6.6, 7.7] | 9.1 [8.3, 9.9] | 0.69 [0.65, 0.72] | 0.585 |
| CHF | 91.2 [89.8, 92.5] | 94.6 [93.5, 95.8] | 3.5 [− 14.0, 21.0] | 6.4 [5.8, 7.0] | 7.7 [6.9, 8.5] | 0.79 [0.76, 0.82] | 0.654 |
| COPD | 84.6 [83.7, 85.4] | 89.1 [88.3, 89.9] | 4.5 [− 10.4, 19.4] | 6.2 [5.7, 6.6] | 7.9 [7.2, 8.6] | 0.71 [0.67, 0.74] | 0.660 |
| MS | 84.6 [83.1, 86.1] | 88.5 [87.1, 89.9] | 3.9 [− 15.2, 23.0] | 7.0 [6.2, 7.8] | 9.0 [7.8, 10.2] | 0.72 [0.66, 0.76] | 0.633 |
| PD | 84.8 [83.4, 86.1] | 89.5 [88.4, 90.7] | 4.8 [− 14.3, 23.8] | 7.2 [6.5, 8.0] | 9.7 [8.5, 10.8] | 0.69 [0.63, 0.73] | 0.580 |
| PFF | 85.0 [83.4, 86.5] | 86.2 [85.0, 87.5] | 1.3 [− 20.9, 23.5] | 7.2 [6.3, 8.1] | 8.5 [7.5, 9.5] | 0.66 [0.60, 0.71] | 0.584 |
| CADC | |||||||
| HA | 86.0 [85.1, 87.0] | 87.4 [86.5, 88.3] | 1.4 [− 18.4, 21.2] | 6.4 [5.9, 6.9] | 8.1 [7.3, 8.8] | 0.74 [0.70, 0.76] | 0.653 |
| CHF | 91.2 [89.8, 92.5] | 92.2 [90.9, 93.5] | 1.0 [− 16.9, 19.0] | 5.8 [5.1, 6.4] | 6.6 [5.9, 7.3] | 0.82 [0.79, 0.84] | 0.720 |
| COPD | 84.6 [83.7, 85.4] | 86.6 [85.8, 87.4] | 2.0 [− 12.9, 17.0] | 5.2 [4.8, 5.6] | 6.6 [6.0, 7.2] | 0.77 [0.73, 0.79] | 0.693 |
| MS | 84.6 [83.1, 86.1] | 85.3 [83.9, 86.8] | 0.7 [− 18.8, 20.3] | 6.7 [5.9, 7.5] | 8.2 [7.2, 9.2] | 0.75 [0.70, 0.79] | 0.644 |
| PD | 84.8 [83.4, 86.1] | 87.1 [85.9, 88.4] | 2.3 [− 16.2, 20.9] | 6.4 [5.7, 7.1] | 8.2 [7.2, 9.2] | 0.76 [0.71, 0.79] | 0.653 |
| PFF | 85.0 [83.4, 86.5] | 82.0 [80.7, 83.3] | − 2.9 [− 31.5, 25.6] | 8.3 [7.0, 9.5] | 9.1 [7.9, 10.4] | 0.44 [0.35, 0.51] | 0.460 |
HA healthy adults; PD Parkinson’s disease; MS multiple sclerosis; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF congestive heart failure; PFF proximal femoral fracture; CI confidence intervals, LoA limits of agreement, ICC intra class correlation