Table 6.

Stride length (SL) estimation performance measures. Stride length obtained from the INDIP and the single wearable device, bias, limits of agreement (LoA) and intra class correlation (ICC(2,1)) for comparison between systems, and overall performance index for the SL algorithms. In boldface: recommended algorithms. Underlined performance index indicates top-ranked algorithm for the specific cohort of that row

Cohort	Stride length
	INDIP mean and CI [m]	Single wearable device mean and CI [m]	Bias and LoA [m]	Absolute error [m]	Relative error [%]	ICC (2,1)	Performance index
SLA
HA	0.81 [0.79, 0.83]	0.93 [0.91, 0.94]	0.12 [− 0.24, 0.48]	0.15 [0.14, 0.17]	25.9 [23.2, 28.6]	0.58 [0.53, 0.63]	0.582
CHF	0.93 [0.90, 0.95]	1.00 [0.98, 1.02]	0.07 [− 0.34, 0.49]	0.16 [0.15, 0.18]	25.3 [22.4, 28.1]	0.70 [0.65, 0.74]	0.663
COPD	0.85 [0.83, 0.87]	1.03 [1.02, 1.05]	0.18 [− 0.20, 0.57]	0.21 [0.19, 0.22]	31.2 [28.0, 34.3]	0.28 [0.21, 0.36]	0.381
MS	0.82 [0.79, 0.85]	1.02 [0.99, 1.04]	0.19 [− 0.22, 0.61]	0.21 [0.19, 0.24]	34.1 [29.3, 38.8]	0.41 [0.32, 0.50]	0.462
PD	0.82 [0.79, 0.85]	0.93 [0.90, 0.95]	0.11 [− 0.31, 0.52]	0.17 [0.15, 0.18]	26.5 [23.0, 30.0]	0.60 [0.54, 0.66]	0.607
PFF	0.75 [0.73, 0.78]	0.86 [0.84, 0.87]	0.10 [− 0.32, 0.52]	0.17 [0.15, 0.19]	29.3 [25.2, 33.4]	0.36 [0.26, 0.46]	0.465
SLB
HA	0.81 [0.79, 0.83]	0.97 [0.95, 0.98]	0.16 [− 0.20, 0.52]	0.18 [0.17, 0.19]	29.6 [26.7, 32.5]	0.52 [0.47, 0.57]	0.546
CHF	0.93 [0.90, 0.95]	1.04 [1.02, 1.07]	0.12 [− 0.30, 0.53]	0.17 [0.16, 0.19]	27.4 [24.2, 30.5]	0.66 [0.61, 0.71]	0.604
COPD	0.85 [0.83, 0.87]	1.08 [1.06, 1.09]	0.23 [− 0.16, 0.62]	0.24 [0.23, 0.25]	35.8 [32.5, 39.1]	0.20 [0.12, 0.27]	0.345
MS (*SLB)	0.82 [0.79, 0.85]	0.99 [0.96, 1.01]	0.16 [− 0.24, 0.57]	0.19 [0.17, 0.21]	31.2 [26.7, 35.7]	0.47 [0.38, 0.55]	0.487
PD	0.82 [0.79, 0.85]	0.97 [0.94, 0.99]	0.15 [− 0.27, 0.56]	0.19 [0.17, 0.20]	29.7 [25.9, 33.4]	0.55 [0.48, 0.62]	0.537
PFF	0.75 [0.73, 0.78]	0.89 [0.88, 0.91]	0.14 [− 0.28, 0.56]	0.18 [0.16, 0.20]	32.2 [27.8, 36.6]	0.31 [0.20, 0.40]	0.448
SLC
HA	0.81 [0.79, 0.83]	0.91 [0.90, 0.92]	0.10 [− 0.31, 0.50]	0.17 [0.16, 0.18]	29.0 [26.2, 31.8]	0.42 [0.36, 0.48]	0.509
CHF	0.93 [0.90, 0.95]	0.98 [0.96, 0.99]	0.05 [− 0.47, 0.56]	0.21 [0.19, 0.22]	30.3 [26.9, 33.8]	0.46 [0.39, 0.52]	0.473
COPD	0.85 [0.83, 0.87]	0.95 [0.94, 0.96]	0.10 [− 0.32, 0.52]	0.18 [0.17, 0.19]	26.9 [24.2, 29.6]	0.26 [0.19, 0.34]	0.420
MS	0.82 [0.79, 0.85]	0.95 [0.94, 0.97]	0.13 [− 0.32, 0.58]	0.20 [0.18, 0.22]	32.6 [27.9, 37.3]	0.22 [0.11, 0.32]	0.387
PD	0.82 [0.79, 0.85]	0.91 [0.89, 0.93]	0.09 [− 0.35, 0.53]	0.18 [0.17, 0.20]	30.5 [26.7, 34.4]	0.45 [0.37, 0.53]	0.498
PFF	0.75 [0.73, 0.78]	0.85 [0.84, 0.86]	0.09 [− 0.36, 0.54]	0.21 [0.19, 0.22]	34.5 [30.7, 38.4]	0.11 [0.00, 0.22]	0.328
SLD
HA	0.81 [0.79, 0.83]	0.88 [0.86, 0.90]	0.07 [− 0.62, 0.76]	0.28 [0.26, 0.30]	41.9 [38.2, 45.5]	0.14 [0.06, 0.21]	0.250
CHF	0.93 [0.90, 0.95]	0.90 [0.88, 0.93]	− 0.03 [− 0.84, 0.79]	0.33 [0.30, 0.35]	42.3 [38.1, 46.6]	0.10 [0.01, 0.19]	0.205
COPD	0.85 [0.83, 0.87]	0.93 [0.91, 0.96]	0.08 [− 0.63, 0.80]	0.29 [0.27, 0.31]	40.4 [36.9, 43.9]	0.03 [− 0.05, 0.11]	0.200
MS	0.82 [0.79, 0.85]	0.92 [0.89, 0.96]	0.10 [− 0.59, 0.78]	0.28 [0.25, 0.30]	41.3 [35.2, 47.4]	0.15 [0.04, 0.26]	0.250
PD	0.82 [0.79, 0.85]	0.85 [0.82, 0.88]	0.03 [− 0.73, 0.79]	0.30 [0.28, 0.33]	44.9 [39.3, 50.5]	0.10 [0.00, 0.20]	0.225
PFF	0.75 [0.73, 0.78]	0.85 [0.81, 0.88]	0.09 [− 0.67, 0.85]	0.30 [0.27, 0.33]	47.7 [42.0, 53.5]	− 0.04 [− 0.14, 0.07]	0.172

Stride length obtained from the INDIP and the single wearable device, bias, limits of agreement (LoA) and intra class correlation (ICC_(2,1)) for comparison between systems, and overall performance index for the SL algorithms. In italicface: recommended algorithms

HA healthy adults; PD Parkinson’s disease; MS multiple sclerosis; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF congestive heart failure; PFF proximal femoral fracture; CI confidence intervals, LoA limits of agreement, ICC intra class correlation