Table 1.
Eligible studies included in review with Authors, Publication Year, Countries, Design, studied Populations, Outcomes and publication bias
| Authors | Pub. Year | Country | Design | Tool used | Study Pop. (N = 8,618) | Prevalence of Hepatitis | Publ. bias | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rachiotis et al | 2012a | Greece | CS | Questionnaires | SWCs (n = 100) | Overall (61%) of HAV infection | Low | [18] |
| Rachiotis et al | 2016 | Greece | CS | Questionnaires | SWCs (n = 133) | Overall (50.7%) of HAV infection | Low | [19] |
| Arvanitidou et al | 2004 | Greece | CS | Questionnaires | Sewage (n = 108) | Overall (40%) of HAV infection | Medium | [20A] |
| Arvanitidou et al | 2004 | Greece | CS | Questionnaires | Sewage (n = 108) | Overall (65.7%) of HAV infection | Medium | [20B] |
| Rachiotis et al | 2012b | Greece | CS | Questionnaires | SWCs (n = 208) | Overall (37.9%) of HAV infection | Low | [21] |
| Moraitaki et al | 2010 | Greece | CS | HAV IgG detection | SS(n = 49) | Overall (91.3%) of HAV infection | High | [22] |
| Bonanni et al | 2000 | Italy | CS | Serological analysis | Sewage (n = 225) | Overall (82%) of HAV infection | Medium | [23] |
| Divizia et al | 2008 | Italy | CS | questionnaire, blood | Sewage (n = 138) | Overall (52.7%) of HAV infection | Low | [24] |
| Montuori et al | 2009 | Italy | CS | Blood serology | WTW (n = 869) | Overall (38%) of HAV infection | Medium | [25] |
| Levin et al | 2000 | Israel | CS | Serological analysis | Sewage (n = 100) | Overall (67%) of HAV infection | Low | [26] |
| Toseva et al | 2008 | Bulgaria | CS | Blood sample | Wastewater (n = 110) | Overall (20%) of HAV infection | Medium | [27] |
| Vencze et al | 2003 | USA | CS | Blood sample | Sewage (n = 365) | Overall (50%) of HAV infection | Medium | [28] |
| Trout et al | 2000 | USA City | CS | Serology analysis (Blood) | Sewage (n = 163) | Overall (80.7%) of HAV infection | Medium | [29] |
| Weldon et al | 2000 | Texas | CS | Serology analysis (Blood) | Sewage (n = 359) | Overall (23%) of HBV infection | Medium | [30] |
| Benbrik et al | 2000 | Brazil | CS | Blood Sample | Sewage (n = 591) | Overall (32.4%) of HBV infection | Medium | [31] |
| Mariho et al | 2014 | Brazil | CS | Blood Sample | SWCs (n = 431) | Overall (36.1%) of HBV infection | Low | [32] |
| Ariyarathna & Abeysena | 2019 | Sri Lanka | CS | Blood Sample | Sewage (n = 1403) | Overall (12.8%) of HBV infection | Low | [33] |
| El-Wahab et al | 2015 | Egypt | CS | Questionnaires | SWCs/(n = 346) | Overall (12.2%) of HCV infection | Medium | [34] |
| Hassanein et al | 2019 | Egypt | CS | Blood and Stool sample | Sewage (n = 410) | Overall (10%) of HCV infection | Low | [35] |
| El-Gilany et al | 2013 | Egypt | CS | Blood sample | SWC(n = 120) | Overall (43.3%) of HCV infection | Low | [36] |
| Elkhateeb et al | 2019 | Egypt | CS | Blood sample | SWC(n = 171) | Overall (21.6%) of HCV infection | Medium | [37] |
| El-Esnawy | 2000 | Egypt | CS | HEV IgG detection | Sewage (n = 205) | Overall (56.5%) of HEV infection | Medium | [38] |
| Wanjari & Mendhe | 2021 | India | CS | Blood sample | SWC(n = 100) | Overall (16.1%) of HEV infection | Low | [39] |
| Vaidya et al | 2003 | India | CS | Blood sample | SW(n = 147) | Overall (19.23%) of HEV infection | Low | [40] |
| Hosseini et al | 2022 | Iran | CS | Blood sample | SS(n = 385) | Overall (50.65%) of HEV infectious | Medium | [41] |
| Farooqi et al | 2022 | Pakistan | CS | Blood Sample | Sewage exp (n = 650) | Overall (6.6%) due to HBV (8.3%) and HCV infectious (5%) | Medium | [42] |
| Raufu et al | 2022 | Nigeria | CS | Blood Sample | SWCs(n = 240) | Overall (32.6%) due to HAV | Medium | [43] |
| Erfani et al | 2020 | Iran | CS | Blood Sample | SS(n = 384) | Overall (26.3%) due to HAV | Medium | [44] |
Ref Reference Number, CS Cross Sectional Study, SCWs Solid Waste Collectors; SW Sewage workers, WTWs: Waste treatment workers, Sewage exp. Sewage exposures, SS Street Sweepers