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. 2023 Jun 14;21:132. doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01159-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Medium optimization to support all the cell types in the multicultures. ICC staining of the BMSC and ASC multicultures on the microfluidic chip in different cell culture media on Day 10 (NMM) or Day 14 (50:50 (NMM:EGM-2) and EGM-2). a The GFP tag in the HUVECs (GFP HUVEC, green) showed that the formation of the vascular structures in both multiculture formats was best in EGM-2. The staining showed neuronal morphology (MAP-2 + βtubIII, red) in all the tested media. Pericytic properties of BMSCs and ASCs (α-SMA, gray) were greatest in EGM-2. b The staining for vascular differentiation marker (CD31, red) showed evidence of vasculature formation in EGM-2 in both multiculture formats on day 14 of culturing. Scale bar is 100 µm