Fig. 1.

Forest plot of meta-analytic results. (A) Plotted are the point estimates and the 95% CIs of the effect sizes in the 45 experimental designs and a random-effects meta-analysis for analytic approach A (in Cohen’s d units). There is statistically significant evidence (P < 0.005) of a negative effect of competition on moral behavior in four of the individual designs and suggestive evidence (P < 0.05) in four additional designs, and there is statistically significant evidence (P < 0.005) of a positive effect of competition on moral behavior in one of the individual designs and suggestive evidence (P < 0.05) in one additional design. There is suggestive evidence of an adverse effect of competition on moral behavior in the meta-analysis (d = −0.085, 95% CI [−0.147, −0.022], P = 0.008). (B) Plotted are the point estimates and the 95% CIs of the effect sizes in the 45 experimental designs and a random-effects meta-analysis for analytic approach B (in Cohen’s d units). There is statistically significant evidence (P < 0.005) of a negative effect of competition on moral behavior in four of the individual designs and suggestive evidence (P < 0.05) in three additional designs, and there is statistically significant evidence (P < 0.005) of a positive effect of competition on moral behavior in one of the individual designs and suggestive evidence (P < 0.05) in one additional design. There is statistically significant evidence of an adverse effect of competition on moral behavior in the meta-analysis (d = −0.086, 95% CI [−0.144, −0.027], P = 0.004).