Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population by postoperative neurocognitive disorders categories.
| Characteristics | POD (N = 227) | POCD at discharge (N = 150) | POCD at 1 month (N = 127) | POCD at 1 year (N = 119) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 227) | No-POD (n = 210) | POD (n = 17) | P-value | Total (N = 150) | No-POCD (n = 118) | POCD (n = 32) | P-value | Total (N = 127) | No-POCD (n = 105) | POCD (n = 22) | P-value | Total (N = 119) | No-POCD (n = 98) | POCD (n = 21) | P-value | |
| Age, year | 69 (66–73) | 70 (67–73) | 69 (66–73) | 0.634 | 69 (66–73) | 68 (66–72) | 70 (66–73) | 0.466 | 69 (66–73) | 69 (66–72) | 70 (66–73) | 0.682 | 70 (67–75) | 69 (66–71) | 70 (67–75) | 0.357 |
| Male | 153 (67.4) | 141 (67.1) | 12 (70.6) | 0.771 | 105 (70.0) | 84 (71.2) | 21 (65.6) | 0.543 | 85 (66.5) | 72 (68.6) | 13 (59.1) | 0.390 | 76 (63.9) | 63 (64.3) | 13 (61.9) | 0.837 |
| Educational level a | 0.506 | 0.850 | 0.144 | 0.740 | ||||||||||||
| Primary | 90 (39.6) | 83 (39.5) | 7 (41.2) | 62 (41.3) | 50 (42.4) | 12 (37.5) | 49 (38.6) | 37 (35.2) | 12 (54.5) | 44 (37.0) | 35 (35.7) | 9 (42.9) | ||||
| Secondary | 106 (46.7) | 101 (48.1) | 5 (29.4) | 65 (43.3) | 49 (41.5) | 16 (50.0) | 57 (44.9) | 50 (47.6) | 7 (31.8) | 57 (47.9) | 51 (52.0) | 6 (28.6) | ||||
| Higher | 31 (13.7) | 26 (12.4) | 5 (29.4) | 23 (15.3) | 19 (16.1) | 4 (12.5) | 21 (16.5) | 18 (17.1) | 3 (13.6) | 18 (15.1) | 12 (12.2) | 6 (28.6) | ||||
| BMI | 22.7 ± 2.9 | 22.6 ± 3.0 | 23.4 ± 2.5 | 0.269 | 22.7 ± 3.1 | 22.6 ± 3.2 | 22.9 ± 2.7 | 0.639 | 22.6 ± 3.1 | 22.6 ± 3.2 | 22.6 ± 2.6 | 0.943 | 22.5 ± 2.8 | 22.3 ± 2.8 | 23.5 ± 2.5 | 0.087 |
| Smoke | 80 (35.2) | 76 (36.2) | 4 (23.5) | 0.293 | 57 (38.0) | 47 (39.8) | 10 (31.3) | 0.375 | 43 (33.9) | 37 (35.2) | 6 (27.3) | 0.473 | 35 (29.4) | 29 (29.6) | 6 (28.6) | 0.926 |
| Drink | 57 (25.1) | 53 (25.2) | 4 (23.5) | 0.876 | 42 (28.0) | 35 (29.7) | 7 (21.9) | 0.384 | 31 (24.4) | 26 (24.8) | 5 (22.7) | 0.840 | 25 (21.0) | 22 (22.4) | 3 (14.3) | 0.405 |
| Exercise | 0.241 | 0.855 | 0.242 | 0.976 | ||||||||||||
| No | 32 (14.1) | 28 (13.3) | 4 (23.5) | 23 (15.3) | 17 (14.4) | 6 (18.8) | 18 (14.2) | 12 (11.4) | 6 (27.3) | 17 (14.3) | 14 (14.3) | 3 (14.3) | ||||
| Occasionally | 11 (4.8) | 10 (4.8) | 1 (5.9) | 9 (6.0) | 8 (6.8) | 1 (3.1) | 7 (5.5) | 7 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (5.0) | 5 (5.1) | 1 (4.8) | ||||
| Every day | 184 (81.1) | 172 (81.9) | 12 (70.6) | 118 (78.7) | 93 (78.8) | 25 (78.1) | 102 (80.3) | 86 (81.9) | 16 (72.7) | 96 (80.7) | 79 (80.6) | 17 (81.0) | ||||
| Hypertension | 116 (51.1) | 109 (51.9) | 7 (41.2) | 0.395 | 93 (62.0) | 71 (60.2) | 22 (68.8) | 0.375 | 76 (59.8) | 62 (59.0) | 14 (63.6) | 0.690 | 84 (70.6) | 70 (71.4) | 14 (66.7) | 0.664 |
| ASA status | 0.204 | 0.448 | 0.692 | 0.432 | ||||||||||||
| I-II | 127 (55.9) | 115 (54.8) | 12 (70.6) | 88 (58.7) | 67 (56.8) | 21 (65.6) | 78 (61.4) | 65 (61.9) | 13 (59.1) | 68 (57.1) | 54 (55.1) | 14 (66.7) | ||||
| III | 99 (43.6) | 94 (44.8) | 5 (29.4) | 61 (40.7) | 51 (43.2) | 10 (31.3) | 48 (37.8) | 40 (38.1) | 8 (36.4) | 50 (42.0) | 44 (44.9) | 6 (28.6) | ||||
| IV | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.1) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.5) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.8) | ||||
| FS score | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.824 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.306 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.370 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.574 |
| MNA-SF scores | 12 (10–13) | 13 (11–14) | 11 (10–13) | 0.007 | 12 (10–13) | 12 (10–13) | 12 (10–13) | 0.893 | 12 (10–13) | 12 (10–13) | 12 (10–13) | 0.938 | 12 (10–13) | 12 (10–13) | 12 (10–13) | 0.169 |
| MMSE scores | 29 (27–30) | 29 (27–30) | 28 (27–29) | 0.542 | 29 (27–30) | 29 (27–30) | 29 (27–29) | 0.181 | 29 (27–30) | 29 (26–30) | 29 (28–30) | 0.454 | 29 (27–30) | 29 (28–30) | 28 (27–29) | 0.017 |
| TICS-40 scores | 33 (32–34) | 33 (32–34) | 33 (32–34) | 0.214 | 33 (32–34) | 33 (32–34) | 33 (32–34) | 0.735 | 33 (32–34) | 33 (32–34) | 33 (31–34) | 0.671 | 33 (31–34) | 33 (31–34) | 33 (32–34) | 0.297 |
| Operation times, h b | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 0.117 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 0.566 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 0.657 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 0.313 |
| Anesthetic time, h c | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 0.617 | 4.1 ± 1.3 | 4.1 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 1.6 | 0.706 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 0.460 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 1.5 | 0.787 |
The normally distributed variables are presented as mean ± SD, non-normally distributed variables are presented as median (IQR), the rank variables and categories variables are presented as frequency (%). The normally distributed data were compared using unpaired 2-tailed t-test, the non-normally distributed data and rank data were compared with Mann–Whitney U test, and the categories data were compared using the Pearson chi-square test. The bold values indicated that p value <0.05.
Primary educational level included an illiterate or primary school diploma; secondary educational level consisted of a junior high school, senior high school, or technical secondary school diploma; high educational level meant having a college, bachelor, master’s degree or above.
Operation time started from skin discission to incision close except closed reduction.
Anesthetic time started from the injection of anesthetic until the patient woke up.
POD, postoperative delirium; POCD, postoperative cognitive dysfunction; BMI, body mass index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; FS, frail scale; MNA-SF, mini nutritional assessment-short form; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; TICS-40, Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-40; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.